نقش سازمان هاي مردم نهاد ملي و بين المللي در پيشگيري از جرايم محيط زيستي

The Role of National and International Ngos in the Prevention of Environmental Crimes

ﺣﻖ ﺑﺮﺧﻮرداري از ﺳﻠﺎﻣﺖ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺣﻘﻮق اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﺎده 25 اﻋﻠﺎﻣﯿﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻣﺼﻮب 1948و ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﺳﺎﺳﯽ اﯾﺮان در اﺻﻞ 3 )ﺑﻨﺪ 12(، 29 و 43 ﺑﺮ ﺣﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻠﺎﻣﺖ و ﺑﺮﺧﻮرداري از ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ﺗﺄﮐﯿـﺪ دارد. ﻣـﺎده 2 ﻣﻨﺸـﻮر ﺣﻘـﻮق ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪي ﻣﺼﻮب 1395رﯾﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﻤﻬﻮري ﻧﯿﺰ ﺣﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻠﺎﻣﺖ را ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺣﻘﻮق ﻫﺮ اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ اﻋﻠﺎم ﮐﺮده اﺳـﺖ. اﻣـﺮوزه ﻣﺤـﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ و ﺳﻠﺎﻣﺖ، راﺑﻄﻪ ﺗﻨﮕﺎﺗﻨﮕﯽ دارﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺎس در ﮐﻨﺎر ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ارزشﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳـﺖ، ﺣـﻖ ﺑـﺮ ﺳـﻠﺎﻣﺖ و داﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺖ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻧﯿﺰ ﯾﮑﯽ از ارزشﻫﺎي اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺴﺎنﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﯽآﯾﺪ؛ ﺑﻪﻃﻮريﮐﻪ اﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﺪون داﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﺤـﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ اﻣﻦ و ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻗﺎدر ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد ﺑﻪ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺧﻮد اداﻣﻪ دﻫﺪ. اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﭘﯿﺸـﮕﯿﺮي از ﺟـﺮاﺋﻢ زﯾﺴـﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄـﯽ از اﯾـﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻠﺎﻣﺘﯽ اﻧﺴﺎنﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ارﺗﺒﺎط دارد، اﻏﻠﺐ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﺟﺰاﯾﯽ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ را در اﯾـﻦ ﻣـﻮرد ﺑـﻪ اﺟﺮا ﻣﯽﮔﺬارﻧﺪ. ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ وﯾﮋه در ﺷـﮑﻞدﻫﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﺳـﺖ ﺟﻨـﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﻨـﯽ در ﻣـﻮرد ﺣﻔﺎﻇـﺖ از ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺪف ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان در اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﯾﻔﺎي ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻤﻦﻫﺎي ﻣﻠـﯽ و ﺑـﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠـﯽ در ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺟﺮاﯾﻢ ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺘﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ در ﭘﯽ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻤﻦﻫﺎ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﭘﯿﺸـﮕﯿﺮي، اﻓﺸـﺎ و ﺗﻌﻘﯿـﺐ ﺟﺮاﯾﻢ ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺘﯽ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ از اﯾﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ آن ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﻨﯽ، اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ و ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﯿﺶ از ﭘﯿﺶ روﺷﻦ ﮔﺮدد. ﮐـﺎﻫﺶ ﺟﺮاﯾﻢ ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﻫﻢ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺣﻖ ﺳﻠﺎﻣﺖ واﺟﺪ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ اﺳﺖ و ﻫﻢ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺟﺮم ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ و ﻟﺰوم ﮐﺎﻫﺶ زﻣﯿﻨﻪﻫـﺎي ﮐـﺎﻫﺶ ﺟﺮم. دوﻟﺖﻫﺎ در ﺟﻬﺖ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺟﺮاﯾﻢ ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺘﯽ دو اﺑﺰار ﻣﻬﻢ در اﺧﺘﯿﺎر دارﻧﺪ: 1-وﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﮐﯿﻔﺮي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑـﺎ ﻫـﺪف ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﯽ و ارﻋﺎب ﻣﺠﺮﻣﯿﻦ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯽ. 2-ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺖ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮدم ﻧﻬﺎد و ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺘﺎً آﻣﻮزش ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ، ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮓﺳـﺎزي، ﻣﺪاﺧﻠـﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎنﻫﺎي در ﺗﻌﻘﯿﺐ و ﮐﺸﻒ ﺟﺮم و اﯾﺠﺎد ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﺟﺮاﯾﻢ. ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻟﺎزم اﺳﺖ ﺗـﺎ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮنﮔـﺬار ﻧﻘﺶ ﭘﺮرﻧﮓ ﺗﺮي در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ اﻋﻠﺎم ﺟﺮم و دﺧﺎﻟﺖ در ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ دادرﺳﯽﻫﺎي ﮐﯿﻔﺮي و ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﻦﻫﺎ اﻋﻄﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻧﻈـﺮ از-ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﺟﺮمﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺳﺒﺰ ﯾﺎ ﺟﺮمﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻋﻠﺎوه ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺴـﺎﺋﻞ ﭘـﯿﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ در ﭘﯽ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎنﻫﺎي ﻣﺮدم ﻧﻬﺎد در اﯾﺮان در ﻣﺒﺎرزه ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮاﯾﻢ ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺘﯽ از ﻣﻨﻈـﺮ ﮐﺸـﻒ و ﺗﻌﻘﯿـﺐ ﺟـﺮم و اﯾﺠﺎد ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﺟﺮاﯾﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﯿﻢ. واژهﻫﺎي ﮐﻠﯿﺪي: ﺟﺮاﺋﻢ ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺘﯽ، ﺳﺎزﻣﺎنﻫﺎي ﻣﺮدم ﻧﻬﺎد، ﺟﺮمﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺳﺒﺰ، ﺟﺮمﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺘﯽ، اﻗـﺪاﻣﺎت ﮐﻨﺸـﯽ و واﮐﻨﺸﯽ

The right to enjoy health is one of the basic rights of every person. Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted in 1948 and the Iranian Constitution in Article 3 (paragraphs 12), 29 and 43 emphasize the right to health and enjoyment of health. Article 2 of the Charter of Citizenship Rights approved by the President in 2016 has also declared the right to health as one of the rights of every Iranian. Today, the environment and health are closely related. Therefore, along with other values that have been predicted, the right to health and having a healthy environment is one of the basic values for human beings, so that human beings will not be able to continue their normal life without having a safe and healthy environment. The importance of preventing environmental crimes is due to the fact that it is directly related to human health, most countries put special penal regulations to actions in this regard. Therefore, this is a special issue to study in shaping the legislative criminal policy on protection environment. It can be studied and studied from the environment. The aim of the researchers in this research is to study the role of national and international actors in reducing environmental crimes. The present study seeks to explain the role of NGO's in the field of prevention, disclosure and prosecution of environmental crimes in order to clarify its importance for legislative, executive and judicial authorities. Reducing environmental crimes is important both in terms of the right to health and in terms of criminology and the need to reduce crime fields. Governments have two important tools to reduce environmental crimes: 1- establish appropriate criminal regulations with the aim of deterring and intimidating potential offenders, 2- strengthening Non-Governmental Organizations and, as a result, public education, culture-building, intervention of these organizations in the prosecution and detection of crime and creating sensitivity to such crimes. For this purpose, it is necessary for the legislator to grant more prominent role to NGOs about indictment and interference in the process of criminal and legal proceedings. This view is derived from the theory of green criminology or environmental criminology. In the present study, in addition to examining the aforementioned issues, we seek to study the role of non-governmental organizations in Iran in combating environmental crimes from the perspective of detecting and prosecuting crime and creating public sensitivity to such crimes.