تركيب اتحادي از منظر صدرالدين دشتكي

Ṣadr al-dīn Dashtakī on Unified Composition

صدرالدين دشتكي، مبدع نظريۀ تركيب اتحادي، معتقد است كه هر تركيب حقيقي اتحادي است. در اين مقاله نخست بر پاية حاشية قديم و حاشيۀ جديد وي بر شرح تجريد قوشچي، ديدگاه او را دربارة چيستي و ويژگي‌هاي تركيب اتحادي تقرير كرده‌ايم. او معتقد است در تركيب اتحادي اجزاي مركب وجود بالفعلي ندارند و كثرت آنها تنها تحليلي عقلي است. در گام بعد دو استدلال وي را به سود اتحادي بودن برخي تركيب‌ها صورت‌بندي كرده‌ايم. در استدلال نخست، وي از حقيقي بودن تركيب در مواليد ثلاث و بالقوه بودن اجزاي آنها اتحادي بودن را نتيجه گرفته است. استدلال دوم مبتني بر صحت حمل ميان اجزا و مركب است. سپس سه اشكال بر اين نظريه و پاسخ دشتكي بدان‌ها را بيان كرده‌ايم. در ضمن پاسخ به اشكال‌ها، دشتكي عليت صورت براي ماده را عليت تحليلي و اجزاي مركب اتحادي را غيرمستقل‌الوجود معرفي مي‌كند. در بخش پاياني، عباراتي از بهمنيار را، كه دشتكي بدان استشهاد كرده و مي‌تواند از پيشينه‌هاي نظريۀ تركيب اتحادي باشد، بررسيده‌ايم.

Sayyid Ṣadr al-dīn Moḥammad Dashtakī Shīrāzī seems to be the inventor of the division of composition into unified composition and composition by join in Islamic philosophy. With this division, Dashtakī has expressed a new theory about the composition of material objects from matter and form, as well as the composition of man from soul and body, and considers these compositions as a unification, not simply the parts joining to each other. In this paper, we will present Dashtakī’s arguments for the theory of unified composition. We will also examine three objections to this theory and his responses. Finally, we will examine the background of this theory in Bahmanyār's phrases. Dashtakī believes that when the components in a compound have a real plurality, i.e. each one exists separately from the other, a composition by join is created, such as the composition of a house from numerous clays. But if the components in the compound are united and none of them exists actually and seperately from the others, the resulting composition will be an alliance and unio‎n. He believes that in the unified composition, every component is identical to any other component and is identical to the whole. In order to achieve a composition, a plurality is needed and in order to form a single composition, there must be plural components related to each other. An important question is that, principally how is a composition possible, if unified composition comes to existence only when the components are made united with each other and with the whole? In other words, unified composition is not possible, because the first condition, i.e., the plurality of the constituent components, cannot be satisfied. Dashtakī, in order, strives to express a difference between the components in the unio‎n compound. He believes that the conditions of the realization and the survival of the components are different, and that is enough for them to be different.