نسبت اخلاق و دين از ديدگاه علامه طباطبايي و شهيد مطهري

The Relationship between Ethics and Religion from the View Points of Allama Ṭabāṭabāʾī and Shahīd Moṭaharī

علامه طباطبايي و شهيد مطهري از معدود عالمان شيعه هستند كه تواما به علم الاخلاق و فلسفه اخلاق نظر داشته و مباحث بديعي را در اين زمينه پي افكنده اند. مباحث اين دو انديشمند اگر چه در بعضي موارد متفاوت است اما در مجموع مكمل يكديگر است. يكي از مباحثي كه مورد توجه آن دو قرار گرفته مساله نسبت اخلاق و دين است. علامه طباطبايي و شهيد مطهري نسبت اخلاق و دين را از زواياي مختلف مورد توجه و تامل قرار داده و ديدگاهي جامع مبتني بر مباني فلسفي و مستند به شواهد قراني و روايي إرايه نموده اند. در اين نوشتار با روش توصيفي تحليلي و شيوه كتابخانه اي، آراء اين دو متفكر در حوزه اخلاق و نسبت آن با دين مورد بررسي قرار گرفته و اين نتيجه بدست آمده است كه نفي تعارض اخلاق و دين، نقش دين در توجيه الزمات اخلاقي، غايت بودن دين نسبت به اخلاق، دين به مثابه تنها ضامن اجرايي رفتارهاي اخلاقي از جمله مهمترين نسب موجود ميان اخلاق و دين از ديدگاه اين دو انديشمند است. همچنين حاصل رابطه مذبور اين است كه برخلاف ديدگاهي كه اساسا باور به خداوند قادر مطلق را ناسازگار با فعل اخلاقي مي داند، از نظر اين دو شخص، نوعي تعامل سازنده بين اخلاق و دين در مسير اعتلاي باورهاي ديني و رفتارهاي اخلاقي وجود دارد.

Although the philosophy of ethics has not been much considered by Muslim thinkers and their topics are mainly related to ethics, Allama Ṭabāṭabāʾī and Shahīd Moṭaharī are among the few Shiite scholars who have simultaneously considered ethics and philosophy of ethics and have discovered innovative topics in this field. The topics of these two thinkers, although different in some cases, are generally complementary. One of the topics considered by the two is the relationship between ethics and religion. Allama Ṭabāṭabāʾī and Shahīd Moṭaharī have considered the relationship between ethics and religion from different aspect sand have presented a comprehensive view based on philosophical principles and documented Qur'anic and narrative evidence. Accordingly, the present study employs descriptive-analytical and library methods to examine the opinions of these two thinkers in the field of ethics and its relationship with religion. It is concluded that the negation of the conflict between ethics and religion, the role of religion in justifying ethical requirements, the extremity of religion over ethics, and religion as the only executive guarantor of ethical behavior are among of the most important relations between ethics and religion from the perspective of these two thinkers. Also, the result of this relationship is that contrary to the view that basically considers belief in God Almighty incompatible with ethical action, for these two persons, there is a kind of constructive interaction between ethics and religion in the promotion of religious beliefs and ethical behaviors.