بررسي غلظت نيكوتين در هواي داخل كافه‫ هاي تهران و غلظت‫ هاي بيولوژيكي نيكوتين و كوتينين در افراد شاغل در اين كافه‫ ها

The Concentration of Nicotine in Indoor Air of the Cafes of Tehran and the Biological Levels of Nicotine and Cotinine in Exposed Smokers in These Cafes

زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻧﯿﮑﻮﺗﯿﻦ در ﻫﻮاي داﺧﻞ ﮐﺎﻓﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﻠﯿﺎن و ﺳﯿﮕﺎر و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻧﯿﮑﻮﺗﯿﻦ و ﮐﻮﺗﯿﻨﯿﻦ در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﻮن و ادرار اﻓﺮاد ﺷﺎﻏﻞ در اﯾﻦ ﻗﻠﯿﺎنﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. روش ﮐﺎر: در اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي از ﻫﻮاي داﺧﻞ36 ﮐﺎﻓﻪ- ﺷﺎﻣﻞ14 ﮐﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻗﻠﯿﺎن1 در آﻧﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﯽﺷـﺪ ، 8 ﺗـﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺳﯿﮕﺎر2، 6 ﺗﺎي آﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻗﻠﯿﺎن و ﻫﻢ ﺳﯿﮕﺎر3، و 8 ﺗﺎ ﻫﻢ از اﻣﺎﮐﻨﯽ ﮐﻪ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل دﺧﺎﻧﯿﺎت در آن وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ4- ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪ. از ﻫﺮ ﮐﺎﻓﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺑﺎر در ﯾﮏ روز ﮐﺎري در ﻃﻮل ﻫﻔﺘﻪ و ﯾﮏ ﺑﺎر در روز ﺗﻌﻄﯿﻞ در آﺧﺮ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري اﻧﺠـﺎم ﺷـﺪ و ﻏﻠﻈﺖ آﻻﯾﻨﺪه ﻧﯿﮑﻮﺗﯿﻦ در آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻧﯿﮑﻮﺗﯿﻦ وﮐﻮﺗﯿﻨﯿﻦ در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺧـﻮن و ادرار اﻓﺮاد در ﻣﻌﺮض دود در اﯾﻦ ﻗﻠﯿﺎن ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻣﻮرد ارزاﺑﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻧﯿﮑﻮﺗﯿﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪي در داﺧﻞ ﮐﺎﻓﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﮑﻞ »ﮐﺎﻓﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻗﻠﯿﺎن و ﺳـﯿﮕﺎر « < »ﮐﺎﻓﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﻠﯿﺎن« < »ﮐﺎﻓﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﮕﺎر« < »اﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﺑﺪون ﻣﺼﺮف دﺧﺎﻧﯿﺎت« ﺑﻮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻧﯿﮑﻮﺗﯿﻦ در درون ﮐﺎﻓﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﻃﯽ ﺟﻠﺴﺎت آﺧﺮ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ )ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن دﺧﺎﻧﯿﺎت ﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ( ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از ﺟﻠﺴـﺎت در ﻃـﻮل ﻫﻔﺘـﻪ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺘﺎً ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﮑﻮﺗﯿﻦ و ﮐﻮﺗﯿﻨﯿﻦ در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﻮن و ادرار اﻓﺮادي ﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺧﻮد اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل دﺧﺎﻧﯿﺎت داﺷﺘﻨﺪ و ﻫﻢ در اﯾﻦ اﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﺷﺎﻏﻞ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺑﻮد ﮐﻪ در ﻫﻤﻪ ﮐﺎﻓﻪ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ دﺧﺎﻧﯿﺎت در آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﯽﺷﺪ، ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي از ﻧﯿﮑﻮﺗﯿﻦ در ﻫﻮا و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﯿﮑﻮﺗﯿﻦ و ﮐﻮﺗﯿﻨﯿﻦ در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﻮن و ادرار اﻓﺮاد در ﻣﻌﺮض ﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫـﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﯿﺎز ﻓﻮري ﺑﺮاي ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ رﺳﻤﯽ وﺟﻮد دارد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺒﯿﻨﻨﺪ آﯾﺎ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﻠﯽ اﯾﺮان ﻣﺒﻨـ ﯽ ﺑـﺮ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻋ ﯿـ ﺖ ﻣﺼـﺮف دﺧﺎﻧﯿﺎت در اﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﯾﺎ ﺧﯿﺮ.

The number of waterpipe cafes has considerably grown in Tehran and other cities of Iran. This increase has occurred due to a wrong belief that the use of hookahs is harmless and relatively safe. So, the aim of current study is to investigate the nicotine concentration in the indoor air of the waterpipe and cigarette cafés as well as the biological concentration of nicotine and cotinine in urine and blood samples of exposed people. Methods: The indoor samples were gathered from 36 cafés-14 Hookah cafes (HS), 8 cigarette cafes (CS), 6 both Hookah and cigarette cafes, and 8 non-smoking areas (NS)- Sampling was carried out in each café once during a working day and once on a holiday at weekends. After that, the concentration of nicotine was determined. Finally, the concentration of nicotine and cotinine was studied in blood and urine samples of exposed peoples. Results: The results of this study showed that the most nicotine production in cafes was in the form of "hookah and cigarette cafes"> "hookah cafes"> "cigarette cafes"> "places without smoking", respectively. Also, it was observed that the concentration of nicotine in cafes during weekend sessions (with more active smokers) was higher than during the week sessions. Based on path analysis, the number of “active smokers” had the highest effect on releasing of nicotine inside the cafés, followed by the tobacco-type as the second influential parameter. Finally, it was observed that the highest amounts of nicotine and cotinine were found in blood and urine samples of smokers who were also employed in these cafes. Conclusion: The most important point was that in all studied cafes where tobacco was consumed, the measurable concentrations of nicotine in the air and also nicotine and cotinine in the blood and urine samples of exposed people were found. This shows that there is an urgent need for formal evaluation to see whether these findings are compatible with the Iranian national law regarding banning of tobacco use in public places.