پديد آورندگان :
نقي زاده، زهرا دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ايران - دانشكدهٔ تربيت بدني و علوم ورزشي , بادامي، رخساره دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ايران - دانشكدهٔ تربيت بدني و علوم ورزشي
كليدواژه :
خبره , دو و ميداني , عوامل محيطي , معلول
چكيده فارسي :
زمينه و هدف: يكي از عوامل مهم در اكتساب خبرگي، ميزان تمرين و ويژگي‌هاي محيط پرورش استعداد است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر مقايسهٔ ميزان تمرين و برخي از عوامل محيطي موجود در محيط پرورش پرتابگران دووميداني‌كار معلول و غيرمعلول بود.
روش‌بررسي: روش پژوهش توصيفي و از نوع علي‌مقايسه‌اي بود. جامعهٔ آماري پژوهش حاضر را دووميدانيكاران غيرمعلول و معلول رقابت‌كننده در سطوح ملي و بين‌المللي در رشتهٔ پرتاب‌ها تشكيل دادند. پنجاه پرتابگر (25 معلول و 25 غيرمعلول) به‌صورت دردسترس و هدف‌مند انتخاب شدند و با استفاده از پرسشنامهٔ تاريخچهٔ تكاملي ورزشكاران (هوپ‌وود و همكاران، 2010)، سن شروع ورزش، ميزان تمرين، ميزان حمايت‌هاي دريافت‌شده و سن شروع ورزش دووميداني ثبت شد. تحليل داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون تي‌مستقل صورت گرفت. سطح معناداري 0٫05 در نظر گرفته شد.
يافته‌ها: بين دو گروه به‌لحاظ سن شروع ورزش دووميداني (0٫004=p) و سن اولين مسابقه (0٫013=p) تفاوت وجود داشت و دووميدانيكاران غيرمعلول در سن كمتري ورزش دووميداني را شروع و در مسابقه شركت كردند؛ اما ميانگين ساعات تمرين دووميداني (0٫024=p) و بدنسازي (0٫014=p) در دووميدانيكاران معلول بيشتر از دووميدانيكاران غيرمعلول به‌دست آمد. همچنين ميزان حمايت دريافت‌شده از مربي و والدين (0٫001>p) و ميزان بهره‌مندي از امكانات ورزشي (0٫004=p) در دووميدانيكاران معلول كمتر از دووميدانيكاران غيرمعلول بود.
نتيجه‌گيري: براساس يافته‌هاي اين پژوهش، در ميزان تمرين و برخي از عوامل محيطي بين دووميدانيكاران معلول و غيرمعلول تفاوت معناداري وجود دارد و معلولان از تسهيلات محيطي كمتري بهره مي‌برند؛ بنابراين مسئولان ورزش معلولان بايد در اين زمينه تلاش بيشتري كنند.
چكيده لاتين :
Background & Objectives: Some scholars declared that talent prediction was not highly reliable concerning the relevant research studies on talent discovery. Such statements indicate that the interaction of genetic features with various environmental factors, like exercise, highly
complicates the determination of long–term effects of talent in sports performance. Most of the studies which have analyzed the history of practical activities of experts have been conducted on non–disabled athletes; however, fewer numbers of them have focused on disabled athletes.
The present study aimed to compare the practice rate and some environmental factors in the talent development environment among the disabled
and non–disabled thrower athletes of track and field.
Methods: This was descriptive and causal–comparative research. In total, 50 disabled and non–disabled track and field throwers competing at
national and international levels participated in this study. Twenty–five non–disabled throwers (16 men & 9 women) and 25 disabled throwers
(14 men & 11 women), with an age range of 20–35 years were selected using convenience and purposive sampling methods. The age of beginning
and the level of track and field exercises; unintentional track and field exercises; bodybuilding exercises; mental skills training; the extent of
support received from their parents, coaches, siblings, and friends; the extent of benefiting from expert coaches; standard track and field
equipment; using appropriate sports shoes and clothes, and the time of retiring from the sport of track and field were recorded using the
Developmental History of Athletes Questionnaire (Hopwood et al., 2010). Data analysis was performed using the Independent Samples t–test.
A significance level of 0.05 was considered for all analyses.
Results: The obtained data suggested a significant difference between the study groups in terms of the age of beginning the track and field sport
(p=0.004) and the age of participating in the first match (p=0.013). Moreover, the investigated non–disabled track and field athletes began this
sport, and participated in a match at a lower age, compared to the other group. There was a significant difference between the study groups in
the mean hours of deliberate practice (p=0.024), deliberate playing (p=0.015), and bodybuilding exercises (p=0.014). The disabled track and
field athletes spent more hours to practice this sport, compared to the other research group. A significant difference was observed between the
study groups in terms of the extent of support received from parents (p<0.001), coach (p<0.001), and siblings (p=0.035). In general, the level of
received support was higher in the non–disabled track and field athletes, compared to their disabled counterparts. However, no significant
difference was observed between the two groups in terms of the extent of support received from their friends (p=0.297). Additionally, a
significant difference was observed between the study groups respecting the extent of using appropriate sports shoes and clothes (p=0.004),
applying standard track and field equipment (p=0.010), and benefiting from expert coaches (p<0.001); the extent to which the studied non–
disabled track and field athletes benefited from the items listed above was more than that of the disabled participants.
Conclusion: According to the current research findings, there was a significant difference in the extent of training and some environmental
factors between the explored disabled and non–disabled runners. Besides, the investigated disabled runners benefited from fewer environmental facilities; therefore, the authorities should pay more attention to the sports of the disabled runners.
