مناسبات فقه و سياست در مكتب جبل عامل

The Relationships between Jurisprudence and Politics in the School of Jabal Amel

مكتب جبل عامل، يكي از مكاتب فقهي مهم تشيع مي‌باشد كه در فاصله سده هاي هشتم تا دهم هجري كانون و نقطه‌ ثقل انديشه ديني تشيع بوده است. در مكتب مذكور، فقه شيعه براي نخستين‌بار از سيطره تبويب و ساختار فقهي اهل‌سنت رها شد و به همين سبب، همپاي با فقيهي كه پيش از اين و از ابتدا نيز سياسي بوده، خيز سياسي شدن برداشته است. آمادگي سياسي فقه شيعه در اين دوره باعث شد تا دولت مماليك و حاكمان متعصب سنّي آن، نسبت به آن حساسيت مضاعفي پيدا كنند. اين امر، باعث شد محمد بن مكي، بنيان‌گذار مكتب جبل عامل را- كه رويكردي مقارنه‌اي و حتي تقيّه‌اي داشت- در ابتدا به حبس خانگي بياندازند و درنهايت، شهيدش كنند. وضعيت خاص منطقه جبل عامل كه باعث شده بود در ميانه قلمرو حكومت مماليك قرار گيرد، مقتضي استفاده نوعي خاص از إعمال ولايت فقه؛ يعني روش بهره‌گيري از وكيل فقهي بود. اين روش، مستقيماً از سيره امامان هفتم تا يازدهم اتخاذ شده و امروزه يكي از مستندات نظريه وكالت فقيه مي‌باشد. فقيهانِ مكتب جبل عامل؛ هرچند نتوانستند آرمان‌هاي سياسي خود را در آن دوره و در جبل عامل اجرا كنند، اما با مهاجرت به ايران در عهد صفوي، بسياري از آن دغدغه‌ها را در ايران عملي كردند.

Jabal Amel School is one of the important Shia jurisprudential schools, which has been the center and focal point of Shia religious thought between the eighth and tenth centuries AH. In the aforementioned school, Shia jurisprudence was freed from the domination of Sunni jurisprudence and jurisprudential structure for the first time, and for this reason, along with the jurist who was political before and from the beginning, it has become politicized. The political readiness of Shia jurisprudence during this period made the Mamluk government and its Sunni fanatical rulers doubly sensitive to it. This led to Muhammad ibn Makki, the founder of the Jabal Amel school, who had a contemporary and even Taqiyah approach (an approach in which you hide your religious belief), being first placed under house arrest and eventually martyred.The special situation of Jabal Amel region, which had caused it to be in the middle of the territory of the Mamluk government, is appropriate for the use of a special kind of Wilayat Faqih practice, i.e. the method that used a jurisprudential advocate. This method has been adopted directly from the sira (lifestyle) of the seventh to eleventh Shia Imams and today is one of the evidence for the theory of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist. Although the jurists of the Jabal Amel School were unable to pursue their political objectives at the time and in Jabal Amel, they resolved many of those concerns in Iran by migrating to Iran during the Safavid era.