»سوبژكتويته« مثابه بنياد مابعدالطبيعه در فلسفه استعلايي كانت

"Subjectivity" as the foundation of metaphysics in Kant's transcendental philosophy

از ﭘﺮﺳﺶھﺎي ﺟﺪي در ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ ﮐﺎﻧﺖ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ از اﻣﮑﺎن ﻣﺎﺑﻌﺪاﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻪ اﺳﺖ؛ ﮐﺎﻧﺖ در ﻓﻠﺴﻔﮥ اﺳﺘﻌﻼﯾﯽ ﺧﻮﯾﺶ، از ﺳﻮﯾﯽ ﻣﺎﺑﻌﺪاﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻪ را ﻧﻔﯽ و از ﺳﻮي دﯾﮕﺮ آن را اﺛﺒﺎت ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ، اﯾﻦ ﺟﺴﺘﺎر ﮐﻮﺷﯿﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ اﺷﺎره ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎﺑﻌﺪاﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻪ در ﻧﻈﺮ او داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻤﺪاد از ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ ھﯿﺪﮔﺮ از ﮐﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺸﺎن دھﺪ ﮐﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ رﻏﻢ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ رواﯾﺖھﺎ و ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮھﺎي ﻧﺎﺑﺠﺎ از ﺳﻮي ﻧﻮﮐﺎﻧﺘﯽھﺎ، او ھﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﺑﻪ »وﺟﻮد ِ« ﻣﻮﺟﻮد اﻧﺪﯾﺸﯿﺪه اﺳﺖ و وﺟﻮد در ﻓﻠﺴﻔﮥ او ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ اﻣﺮ ﺳﻮﺑﮋﮐﺘﯿﻮ ﻇﮭﻮر ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و اﯾﻦ ﻣﮭﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪدِ ﻗﻮۀ ﺧﯿﺎل و ﺷﺎﮐﻠﮥ اﺳﺘﻌﻼﯾﯽ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ زﻣﺎن و ﻧﻘﺶ آن در اﻣﮑﺎن ﺗﺄﻟﯿﻒ ﻣﯿﺎن دو ﺳﻮي ﺣﮑﻢ ﺗﺄﻟﯿﻔﯽ ﭘﯿﺸﯿﻨﯽ )ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺷﮭﻮد ﻣﺤﺾ و ﻣﻔﮭﻮم ﻣﺤﺾ( و اﺗﺤﺎد ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري ﻣﯿﺎن اﯾﻦ دوﺳﻮي ﺗﺄﻟﯿﻒ )ﯾﻌﻨﯽ زﻣﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﺷﮭﻮد ﻣﺤﺾ ﻓﺮاﮔﯿﺮ و ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻼﯾﯽ »ﻣﺤﺾ« از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻗﻮۀ ﺧﯿﺎل( ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و وﺣﺪت ﻣﯿﺎن دو ﺣﯿﺚ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻧﺪﮔﯽ و ﺧﻮداﻧﮕﯿﺨﺘﮕﯽ در ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻨﯿﺎدِ اﻣﺮِ ﺳﻮﺑﮋﮐﺘﯿﻮ ﻗﺮار و ﻗﻮام ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﺟﺴﺘﺎر ذﯾﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺳﻮﺑﮋﮐﺘﻮﯾﺘﮥ ﺳﻮژه از آن ﯾﺎد ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﻓﻠﺴﻔﮥ اﺳﺘﻌﻼﯾﯽ ﮐﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس اﯾﻦ ﻓﮭﻢ ﺑﻨﯿﺎدﯾﻦ از زﻣﺎن و ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬاري ﺳﻮژه ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ زﻣﺎن رﻗﻢ ﻣﯽﺧﻮرد

One of the serious questions in Kant's philosophical system is the question of the possibility of metaphysics; In his transcendental philosophy, Kant denies metaphysics on the one hand and proves it on the other. This paper has tried to refer to the various meanings of metaphysics in his view, using the meaning and subject of this knowledge in Aristotle and enumerating it. Some of its features, such as unity, comprehensiveness, and its fundamentality, are examined by Kant for another meaning of metaphysics, and show how, in spite of some misplaced narratives and interpretations by the Neokantians, he still thinks of existence of being in His philosophy has emerged as a subjective matter, and this is important with the help of imagination and in the transcendental schematism through time and its role in the possibility of synthesis between the two sides of the synthetic a priori judgment (ie pure intuition and pure concept) and the structural unio‎n between these two. That is, time as pure all-encompassing intuition and transcendent (pure) self has been done through the power of imagination, and the unity between the two aspects of acceptance and spontaneity has finally been established on the basis of subjectivity, which is mentioned in this article under the title of subjectivity.