ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﻌﺎره اي ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت در آﺛﺎر اﻓﻐﺎﻧﯽ و اﯾﺸﯽ ﮔﻮرو

Analysis of metaphorical mappings 'Animals' in the works of Afghani and Ishiguro

اﺳﺘﻌﺎره از ﺑﺪو ﭘﯿﺪاﯾﺶ زﺑﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ از ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺤﻮري اﯾﻦ ﺣﻮزه ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ، ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﺻﻠﯽ در اﺳﺘﻌﺎرهﻫﺎي ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ و ﺑﯿﺎن ﮐﻨﻨﺪة راﺑﻄﮥ ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﮥ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ذﻫﻨﯽ و ﻋﯿﻨﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي اﺳﺘﻌﺎرهﻫﺎي ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت در داﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎ، ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب ﺣﻀﻮر ﻓﮑﺮي و وﺟﻮدي ﺣﯿﻮان در اذﻫﺎن ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن اﺳﺖ و اﯾﻦ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪة ﻧﻘﺶ ﺟﺪاﯾﯽ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮ اﺳﺘﻌﺎره در زﻧﺪﮔﯽ اﻧﺴﺎن اﺳﺖ. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ-ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻮﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ واﮐﺎوي ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﻌﺎرة ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺎم و رﻓﺘﺎر ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت در آﺛﺎر اﻓﻐﺎﻧﯽ و اﯾﺸﯽﮔﻮرو)ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪة ژاﭘﻨﯽ اﺻﻞ اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ( ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ زﺑﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﺑﭙﺮدازد. ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر دادهﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﮥ روﯾﮑﺮد ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ در ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮب دﯾﺪﮔﺎهﻫﺎي ﻧﻈﺮي ﻟﯿﮑﺎف و ﺟﺎﻧﺴﻮن ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد 36 ﻣﻮرد ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ اﺳﺘﻌﺎريﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت از آﺛﺎر دو ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه )20ﻣﻮرد در آﺛﺎر اﻓﻐﺎﻧﯽ و 16 ﻣﻮرد در آﺛﺎر اﯾﺸﯽﮔﻮرو( اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷﺪ و ﺗﻔﺎوت و ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ آنﻫﺎ در ﺣﻮزه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺼﺪ و اﺳﻢﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪة ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﻣﯿﺎن آنﻫﺎﺳﺖ و ﺗﻔﺎوت ﮐﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺪف از ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺳﺘﻌﺎرهﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در آنﻫﺎ ﻧﺎم ﯾﺎ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺣﻮزة ﻣﺒﺪأ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ و در آن ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﻫﺮ ﺣﯿﻮان ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺣﻮزة ﻣﺒﺪأ »ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت«، ﺗﻮﺳﻂ دو ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪة اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ و اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت اﻓﺮاد ﺑﺮاي ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻨﻔﯽ و رذاﯾﻞ اﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ ﯾﮑﺴﺎن ﮔﻮﯾﺸﻮران در وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎ و ﺧﻠﻖ و ﺧﻮي ﺟﺎﻧﻮران ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮن آنﻫﺎﺳﺖ.

Metaphor has been a central theme of cognitive linguistic since its inception. Mapping the main concept in conceptual metaphors and expressing the correspondence relationship between a set of mental and objective concepts. The use of animal metaphors in stories reflectual intelectual and existential presence of animals in the minds of authors, and this shows the inseparable role of metaphor in human life. The present study with descriptive- analytical method, tries to analyze the conceptual metaphorical mappings based on the name and behavior of animals in the works of Afghani and Ishiguro ( japenese author of English origin) based on cognitive linguistic theory. For this purpose, research data based on the cognitive semantics approach in the framework of Lakoff and Johnson theoretical views with 36 metaphorical mapping of animals were extracted from the works of two authors ( 20 case of Afghani and 16 case of Ishiguro). Their differences and similarities in the areas of target and mapping names were investigated. The resuls of this study show the similarities between them and the difference is less. The purpose of this study is to investigate the metaphors in which the name or behavior of animals as a source domain is used and the characteristics of each animal are analyzed. Findings showed that the field of source of animals has been used by two Iranian and English authors with different cultures to describe the characteristics of individuals for negative traits and moral vices, which indicate the same reflection of speakers on the characteristics and temperament of the animals around them.