ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد ﮐﻨﺎﯾﻪ در ﺑﻮﺳﺘﺎن

The Function of irony in the Bustan

ﻓﺼﺎﺣﺖ و ﺑﻼﻏﺖ از ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﯽ آﺛﺎر ادﺑﯽ اﺳﺖ و ﮐﻼم ﻓﺼﯿﺢ و ﺑﻠﯿﻎ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﻓﺰون ﺑﺮ ﺷﯿﻮاﯾﯽ و رﺳﺎﯾﯽ، ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس اﻗﺘﻀﺎي ﺳﺨﻦ از ﺗﺼﺎوﯾﺮ ﺧﯿﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﻬﺮهﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ آنﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﭘﺬﯾﺮي ﻋﺎﻃﻔﯽ و رواﻧﯽ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎن ﺧﻮد را ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﺟﺴﺘﺎر از ﻣﯿﺎن ﺻﻮر ﺧﯿﺎل ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﻨﺎﯾﻪ در ﺑﻮﺳﺘﺎن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻨﺪوﭼﻮن ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي آن ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﺑﻮدن ﮐﺘﺎب ﺑﻮﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮد. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺘﻦ و ﺗﻤﻬﯿﺪات ﺑﻼﻏﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ در ﻣﺘﻦ، ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ وﺟﻮد دارد. ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﺑﻮدن ﮐﺘﺎب ﺑﻮﺳﺘﺎن و اﻫﻤﯿﺖ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ اﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻌﺪي در ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد اﯾﻦ آراﯾﻪ ﺑﻪ زﺑﺎن ﺗﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺧﻮﯾﺶ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻏﻨﯽ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﯿﻦ روﯾﮑﺮد ﺳﻌﺪي ﺑﻪ ﮐﻨﺎﯾﻪ در ﺑﻮﺳﺘﺎن ﭼﻨﺎن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ از ﻧﻮد درﺻﺪ از ﮐﻨﺎﯾﻪي ﻗﺮﯾﺐ -ﮐﻪ در آن اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻌﻨﯽ از ﻻزم ﺑﻪ ﻣﻠﺰوم زودﯾﺎب اﺳﺖ- اﺳﺘﻔﺎدهﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ و از ﻟﺤﺎظ وﺿﻮح و ﺧﻔﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﮐﻨﺎﯾﯽ از »اﯾﻤﺎ« ﺑﯿﺶ از دﯾﮕﺮ اﻧﻮاع اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﺮدهاﺳﺖ؛ زﯾﺮا آﺳﺎنﯾﺎبﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع ﮐﻨﺎﯾﻪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در زﺑﺎن ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﻣﯽرود؛ ﻫﻢﭼﻨﯿﻦ از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻣﮑﻨﯽﻋﻨﻪ »ﮐﻨﺎﯾﻪ از ﻧﺴﺒﺖ« ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺣﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ »ﮐﻨﺎﯾﻪ از ﺻﻔﺖ« و »ﮐﻨﺎﯾﻪ از ﻣﻮﺻﻮف« دارد؛ زﯾﺮا در زﺑﺎن ﮔﻔﺘﺎر اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع ﮐﻨﺎﯾﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از دوﻧﻮع دﯾﮕﺮ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد دارد. اﺳﺎﺳﺎ در ﺑﻮﺳﺘﺎن ﮐﻨﺎﯾﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻌﻈﯿﻢ، ﺗﺸﻮﯾﻖ، ﺗﺤﻘﯿﺮ، ﺗﺤﺬﯾﺮ و اﻧﺬار ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر رﻓﺘﻪاﺳﺖ. ﮐ

Eloquence and rhetoric is a key component of literary works, and the word is eloquent and rhetorical that, in addition to eloquence and expressiveness, is be used Imaginary images according to the requirement of speech, as well as the emotional and psychological impact of its audience. Among imagery this essay is investigated the irony in the Bustan in order to determine its applicability according to the teachings of the Bustan. Saadinameh or Bustan is one of Saadi's unbeatable masterpieces. Research Outcomes indicate that there is a close relationship between the type of text and the rhetorical measures used in the text. The teachings of the Bustan and the importance of transmitting ethical concepts to the audience have led Saadi to use this image in the language of his epoch and rich folk culture. That is why Saadi's approach to irony in the Bustan is such that has used more than ninety percent of the qarib irony - in which the transfer of meaning is immediately apparent-. He has used the "ima" more than any other in terms of clarity and ambiguity of the The meaning of irony, since it is the easiest type of irony to be used extensively in spoken language. Also, "the irony from nesbat" is most used according to "maknyon-anh". "because it is more commonly used in spoken language than the other two(The irony of the adjective and the irony of noun). The purposes of using the irony in the Bustan are: Commemoration, Encouragement, humiliation, and warning