نقش نهاد مذني اصناف پايتخت درانقلاب مشروطيت ايران

The Role of the Civil Organizations of the Capital's Guilds in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution

اﺻﻨﺎف در ﻣﺒﺎرزات اﻧﻘﻼب ﻣﺸﺮوﻃﯿﺖ در ﮐﻨﺎر دﯾﮕﺮ ﮐﻨﺸـﮕﺮان اﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﯽ و ﺳﯿﺎﺳـﯽ ﻣﺸـﺎرﮐﺖ داﺷﺘﻨﺪ. ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ در ﻣﻮرد ﻋﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ اﻧﻘﻼب ﻣﺸﺮوﻃﯿﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﯿﺸـﺘﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻘـﺶ و ﺟﺎﯾﮕـﺎه روﺣﺎﻧﯿﺎن، روﺷﻨﻔﮑﺮان و ﺑﺎزرﮔﺎﻧﺎن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﯿﺖ ﻧﻬﺎد اﺻﻨﺎف ﭼﻨﺪان ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ اﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻋﻠﻞ ﭘﯿـﺪاﯾﺶ و ﭘﯿـﺮوزي ﻣﺸـﺮوﻃﯿﺖ اﯾـﺮان ﺿﺮوري ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ رﺳﺪ. در ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺷﻮراي ﻣﻠﯽ ﺷﺶ ﻗﺸﺮ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ از ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ اﺻـﻨﺎف ﺣـﻖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪن داﺷﺘﻨﺪ و 53 درﺻﺪ ازﮐﺮﺳﯽﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﭘﺎﯾﺘﺨﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺻﻨﺎف اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮد، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﮔﺰاره ﺳﺆال اﺻﻠﯽ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﭼﺮا و ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ اﺻﻨﺎف ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨـﯿﻦ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎﻫﯽ رﺳﯿﺪﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﭘﻨﺞ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻣﻬﻢ دﯾﮕـﺮ در ﻣﺠﻠـﺲ داراي ﮐﺮﺳﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ؟ اﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﻣﻔﺮوض اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﺻﻨﺎف در دوران ﻣﺒﺎرزات اﻧﻘﻼب ﻣﺸـﺮوﻃﯿﺖ ﺣﻀﻮري ﮔﺴﺘﺮده و ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﮔﺰار داﺷﺘﻪاﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﺑﺮﺧﻮرداري از ﺳـﺎزﻣﺎن، داراي اﻧﺴـﺠﺎﻣﯽ ﻧﻬـﺎد ي ﺑﻮده و ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﯽ ﺷـﺪه و ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨـﮓ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﮐـﺮده ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﺸـﯽ اﺻـﻠﯽ در ﭘﯿـﺮوزي ﻣﺸﺮوﻃﯿﺖ داﺷﺘﻪاﻧﺪ. ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ و از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺟﻤـﻊ آوري ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺷﯿﻮه اﺳﻨﺎدي ﯾﺎ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاي اﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.

The guilds participated in the struggles of the Constitutional Revolution along with other social and political activists. Research on the perpetrators of the Constitutional Revolution has focused on the role and position of clerics, intellectuals and businessmen, and the role of the guild institution has not received much attention. Recognizing this role is necessary to analyze the causes of the emergence and victory of the Iranian Constitution . In the charter of the first elections to the National Assembly, six social strata, including the guilds, had the right to be elected, and 53% of the seats in the capital were allocated to the guilds. Did they reach a position where they alone had more seats in parliament than the other five major social classes? It is hypothesized that the guilds had a large and influential presence during the constitutional revolution and because of their organization, they had institutional cohesion and were organized and coordinated, so they played a key role in the victory of the constitution.