اثر كم آبياري و بيوچار بر روي خصوصيات كمي و كيفي گياه دارويي ريحان

The Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Biochar on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Basil

ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺻﻼحﮐﻨﻨﺪه آﻟﯽ ﺧﺎك، ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ و ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﺎك، اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻓﺮاﻫﻤﯽ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ، ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي، ﮐﺎﻫﺶ آﺑﺸﻮﯾﯽ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ و درﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪات زراﻋﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﺗﻨﺶ رﻃﻮﺑﺘﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪودﮐﻨﻨﺪه رﺷﺪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن اﺳﺖ. ﺧﺎكﻫـﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺸﮏ ﺣﺎوي ﻣﻘﺪار ﮐﻤﯽ ﻣﻮاد آﻟﯽ ﺑﻮده و ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ pH ﺑﺎﻻ، ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﮐﻤﺒﻮد ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ روﺑﻪرو ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺛﺮ ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر ﺑﺮ رﺷﺪ و ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ در ﮔﯿﺎه رﯾﺤﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻨﺶ آﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﯾﻞ و در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮكﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ در ﮐﺮج اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ آﺑﯿﺎري ﮐﺎﻣﻞ، ﮐﻢ آﺑﯿﺎري 75 و 50 درﺻﺪ ﻧﯿﺎز آﺑﯽ ﮔﯿﺎه رﯾﺤﺎن )a2 ،a1 و a3( و ﺳـﻪ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﯿﻮﭼـﺎر 5 ،10 و 0 درﺻـﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﯽ )ﺑﺪون ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر( ﻫﺮ ﮔﻠﺪان )b2 ،b1 و b3( ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿـﺮي ﺷـﺪه وزن ﺗﺮ و ﺧﺸﮏ ﺑﺮگ، ﺳﺎﻗﻪ و رﯾﺸﻪ( ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺎت ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﮐـﻢ آﺑﯿـﺎري و ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﯿﻮﭼـﺎر اﺧـﺘﻼف ﻣﻌﻨـﯽ داري داﺷـﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از اﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺎت در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر آﺑﯿﺎري ﮐﺎﻣﻞ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد 10 درﺻﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﯽ ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر )a1b1( و ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار آن در ﺗﯿﻤـﺎر ﮐـﻢ آﺑﯿﺎري 50 درﺻﺪ ﻧﯿﺎز آﺑﯽ و ﺑﺪون ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر )a3b3( ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن )2/83 درﺻﺪ(، ﻓﺴﻔﺮ )0/16 درﺻﺪ( در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﺗﻨﺶ آﺑﯽ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد 10 درﺻﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﯽ ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر )a2b1( و ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ درﺻﺪ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ )1/21 درﺻﺪ( در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر a3b1 ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪه ﺷـﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﯿﻦ ﺑـﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﻬﺮه وري آب ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس وزن ﺗﺮ )3/53 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ( و ﺧﺸﮏ )0/44 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ( ﺑﺮگ ﮔﯿﺎه رﯾﺤـﺎن از ﺗﯿﻤـﺎر a3b1 ﺑـﻪ دﺳـﺖ آﻣـﺪ ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي ﻧﻤﻮد ﮐﻪ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﯿﻮﭼﺎر در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺗﻨﺶ آﺑﯽ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺆﺛﺮي در ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺟﺬب ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ ﮐﻪ درﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ رﺷﺪ روﯾﺸﯽ و ﺑﻬﺮه وري آب ﮔﯿﺎه رﯾﺤﺎن ﻣﯽﺷﻮد.

Biochar as a soil amendment improves soil physical and chemical properties, increase nutrient availability, reduce nutrient leaching and ultimately increase crop production. Drought stress is one of the most important factors that limit plants growth. Arid lands have a little organic matter, and because of high pH, nutrients deficiency was observed in these soils. In order to study the effect of biochar on growth and concentration of nutrient in basil under water stress, one factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was carried out in Karaj, Iran. Experimental treatments included three levels of deficit-irrigation 100, 75 and 50% of water requirement of basil (a1, a2 and a3) and three levels of application of biochar 10, 5 and 0% by volume of each pot (b1, b2 and b3). The results of analysis of variance and comparison of the mean of measured traits (fresh and dry weight of leaves, stems and roots) showed that these traits were significantly different under the influence of different levels of irrigation and biochar application; So that the highest value of each of these traits was observed in treatment a1b1 and the lowest value was observed in treatment a3b3. The highest percentage of nitrogen (2.83 %) and phosphorus (0.16 %) was observed in the medium water stress treatment and the application of 10% by volume of biochar (a2b1) and the highest percentage of potassium (1.21 %) was observed in the a3b1 treatment. Also, the highest water productivity was obtained based on fresh (3.53 kg / m3) and dry (0.44 kg / m3) basil leaves in a3b1 treatment. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of biochar in conditions of water stress has an effective role in improving nutrient uptake, which ultimately leads to increased vegetative growth and water productivity of basil.