مقايسه تحمل به شوري سه رقم انار تجاري (.Punica granatum L)

Comparison of Salinity Tolerant of Three Cultivars of Commercial Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)

انار (.Punica granatum L) يك گونه گياهي ميوه‌اي تجاري مهم از خانواده Punicaceae، مي‌باشد. شوري آب آبياري يكي از مشكلات محدودكننده كشت‌‌و‌كار آن است. هدف از انجام اين پژوهش، شناسايي و معرفي متحمل‌ترين رقم تجاري انار به شوري آب‌آبياري بود. طي يك آزمايش گلداني در يك دوره نه ماهه ارزيابي و مقايسه تحمل به شوري سه رقم انار تجاري در سال‌هاي 97-1396 در سايت مركز ملي تحقيقات شوري صورت‌گرفت. آزمايش به‌صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرح كاملاً تصادفي با دو فاكتور 1- شوري آب آبياري در پنج سطح 1، 3، 5، 7 و 9 دسي‌زيمنس‌بر متر و 2- رقم انار در سه سطح ("شيشه‌كپ فردوس"، "ملس‌ساوه" و "ملس‌يزدي") و با چهار تكرار و در مجموع 60 گلدان انجام شد. نتايج نشان داد كه رقم و سطح شوري اثر معني‌داري بر صفات مورفولوژيك، فيزيولوژيك و غلظت عناصر غذايي داشتند. در تمامي ارقام مورد مطالعه با افزايش سطح شوري، شاخص‌هاي رشدي، محتوي نسبي‌آب‌برگ و ميزان كلروفيل كاهش و درصد برگ‌هاي نكروزه و ريزش ‌يافته افزايش يافت. بيشترين ارتفاع، تعداد انشعابات نهايي، قطر شاخه و كلروفيل كل در شوري 3 دسي‌زيمنس‌برمتر و در رقم "ملس‌يزدي" مشاهده شد. همچنين با افزايش سطح شوري ميزان سديم، كلر و نسبت سديم به پتاسيم به‌طور معني‌داري افزايش يافت. در بالاترين سطح شوري (9 دسي‌زيمنس‌برمتر) بيشترين ميزان شاخص‌هاي رشدي، وزن‌تر و خشك برگ، برگ‌سبز، محتواي‌نسبي آب، كلروفيل و پتاسيم و كمترين ميزان برگ نكروزه، غلظت سديم، كلر و نسبت سديم به پتاسيم در رقم "ملس‌يزدي" حاصل شد. به‌طور كلي در ميان ارقام مورد بررسي "ملس‌يزدي" و "ملس‌ساوه" به‌ترتيب متحمل‌ترين و كم تحمل‌ترين رقم به شوري بودند.

Background and Objectives Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an economically important commercial fruit plant species belonging to the family of Punicaceae. Saline irrigation water is currently one of the most severe limiting factors in the cultivation area. In recent years, nearly 7% of the global cultivated lands are affected by salinity, and soil salinization aggravating has been a more significant threat to the healthy and sustainable development of agriculture worldwide. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the effects of salt stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics in pomegranate cuttings to better understand the salt resistance of pomegranate and offer a reference for pomegranate cultivation on saline lands. Materials and Methods A pot experiment was conducted for nine months to evaluate and compare three Iranian cultivar salinity tolerance of commercial pomegranate in 2017-2018. The experiment was arranged in factorial based on a completely randomized design with two factors included water salinity in 5 levels of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 dSm-1 and three commercial pomegranate genotypes (‘Shishehcap Ferdos,’ ‘Malas Saveh’ and ‘Malas Yazdi’) in 4 replications and generally with 60 pots. At the end of the experiment, the vegetative yield and fresh and dry weight of leaves, ion leakage, relative water content, chlorophyll a, b and total were also measured. In addition, leaves were analyzed for Na+, K+, Cl–, and Na/K ratio elements. Results Results showed that cultivar and salinity levels were affected by morphological and physiological characteristics, and concentration of nutritional elements. In all the three studied cultivars, an increase in the salinity levels led to a significant decrease in the growth characteristics, the relative water content of leaves, and chlorophyll. Moreover, the percentage of leaf necrosis, fall, and ion leakage increased considerably. Also, with increasing salinity levels, Na+, Cl- and Na+/Cl- significantly increased. In the highest level of salinity (9 dS.m-1), the maximum growth characteristics, fresh and dry weight of leaves, green leaves, the relative water content of leaves, chlorophyll, and potassium, and the lowest percentage of leaf necrosis, ion leakage, Na+, Cl- and Na+/Cl- were obtained in a cultivar of ‘Malas Yazdi.’ Discussion Generally, among the investigated cultivars, ‘Malas Yazdi’ and ‘Malas Saveh’ were the highest and the lowest tolerants, respectively. Our study showed that the adverse effects on physiological and morphological indexes aggravated over stress time. We inferred that it was one of the mechanisms for pomegranate alleviating the detrimental effects of salt stress. This study would provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation and utilization of pomegranate plants on saline soil.