مروري بر روش‌هاي تعيين فرسايش قابل‌تحمل خاك: چالش‌ها و فرصت‌ها

An overview on soil loss tolerance methods: challenges and opportunities

ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺧﺎك ﻣﺮز ﺑﯿﻦ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ و ﺗﺸﺪﯾﺪي ﺑﻮده، ﯾﮑﯽ از اﺳﺎﺳﯽﺗﺮﯾﻦ و در ﻋﯿﻦ ﺣﺎل ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪهﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت در ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺧﺎك اﺳﺖ. ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ، ﻣﻌﯿﺎري اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﺮاي آﮔﺎﻫﯽ و ﻗﻀﺎوت درﺑﺎره وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺧﺎك و ﻣﯿﺰان ﺧﻄﺮات و آﺳﯿﺐﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮه اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از آن ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ، ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ دﻗﯿﻖ و ﺻﺤﯿﺢ آن ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روشﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ، ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺣﺎﯾﺰ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر، روشﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ اﺑﺪاع ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان آنﻫﺎ را در ﺳﻪ ﮔﺮوه اﺻﻠﯽ، ﺷﺎﻣﻞ روشﻫﺎي ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺧﺎك، روشﻫﺎي ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎروري ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﺧﺎك و روشﻫﺎي ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮات ﺑﺮون ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢﺑﻨﺪي ﮐﺮد. اﺑﺘﺪا، ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺎت روش ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻣﻌﺎﯾﺐ و ﻣﺰاﯾﺎي آنﻫﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪ و در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ، ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎ و ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪان ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي اﺧﯿﺮ، ﺑﺮ ﺿﺮورت ﺟﺎﻣﻊﻧﮕﺮي در ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪ ﮐﺮدهاﻧﺪ، اﻣﺎ روشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺗﺎ ﮐﻨﻮن ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﺨﺸﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻧﺸﺪهاﻧﺪ و ﻫﻨﻮز در آﻏﺎز راه ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ، ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎ و ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﯽ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ روشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ و اراﺋﻪ روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺗﻠﻔﯿﻘﯽ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﻣﯽﺷﻮد.

Tolerable soil erosion is the boundary between natural and accelerated erosion and is one of the most fundamental yet complex issues in soil erosion research. The tolerable erosion threshold is an essential criterion for awareness and judgment about the state of soil erosion and the extent of its potential economic, social and environmental risks and damages. Therefore, it is very important to determine it accurately and correctly using appropriate methods. For this purpose, various methods have been developed, which can be divided into three general groups including methods based on soil formation rate, methods based on agricultural soil productivity and methods based on off-site effects of erosion. First, the details of the various methodologies along with their disadvantages and advantages were examined, and finally, research challenges and opportunities in this field were presented. Various scientists in recent years have emphasized the need for comprehensiveness in determining tolerable thresholds, but existing methodologies have so far failed to achieve this, and are still at the beginning of the road. Thus, the main challenges and opportunities are mainly related to methodology and the presentation of new integrated and applied approaches to determine tolerable erosion.