پديد آورندگان :
عالم راثي، معصومه دانشگاه ازاد اسلامي واحد همدان - گروه معماري ، همدان ، ايران , مطلبي، قاسم دانشگاه تهران - پرديس هنرهاي زيبا - گروه معماري، تهران، ايران , فروتن، منوچهر دانشگاه ازاد اسلامي واحد همدان - گروه معماري ، همدان ، ايران , جلاليان، سارا دانشگاه ازاد اسلامي واحد همدان - گروه معماري ، همدان ، ايران
كليدواژه :
معناي نما , آپارتمان‌هاي مسكوني اردبيل , نظريه داده بنياد , نما
چكيده فارسي :
نماي بنا از مهمترين عنصر در شكل‌پردازي يك بناست و بر حس ارزيابي ناظران از كليت كالبد تأثيرگذار است. نماي بناها در ارتباط مستقيم با ساكنان بنا است كه لازم است واجد مؤلفه‌هاي معنادار محيطي باشد تا زمينه ادراك و خوانش مطلوب را براي ساكنان فراهم آورد. امروزه ادراك معاني نماها بيشتر در حوزه شهرسازي مورد توجه قرار گرفته و معاني نماها در مقياس معماري و از ديد ساكنان بناها كمتر مورد پژوهش متخصصان عرصه معماري قرار گرفته است. لذا پژوهش حاضر در پي ارائه مدل مفهومي از معناي مؤثر بناهاست. از همين‌رو پژوهش مي‌كوشد به اين پرسش پاسخ دهد كه مدل مفهومي معناي آپارتمان‌هاي مسكوني اردبيل از ديدگاه ساكنان چيست؟
اين پژوهش داراي رويكردي تركيبي است. بخش كيفي با استفاده از روش نظريه داده بنياد و بخش كمي با استفاده از تحليل همبستگي انجام گرفته است. ابزار جمع‌آوري اطلاعات در بخش كيفي مصاحبه‌هاي عميق و نيمه‌ساختار‌يافته با ساكنان اردبيل بوده است و در بخش كمي، پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخت بوده كه روايي و پايايي آن بررسي شده است. براي تحليل دادهها از نرم‌افزار مكس‌كيودا استفاده شده است و با استفاده از شيوه كدگذاري باز، محوري و انتخابي، دادهها تجزيه و تحليل شدند. پس از استخراج عوامل مؤثر بر معنا در نما، مدل مفهومي معناي نماهاي آپارتمان‌هاي مسكوني اردبيل تبيين شده است. عوامل مختلفي در معنادهي نما مؤثرند كه اين معناها در بستر عوامل كالبدي، عوامل زمينه‌اي و مداخله‌گر شكل مي‌گيرد. يافته‌هاي پژوهش نشان مي‌دهد كه تحليل عوامل مؤثر در معنادهي نماهاي آپارتمان‌هاي مسكوني كه بر مبناي نظر 25 نفر از ساكنان صورت گرفت، به شناسايي عوامل سازنده معنا در نما منجر شد كه در قالب مدل مفهومي ارائه شده است. با توجه به يافته‌هاي بدست آمده از تحليل همبستگي و تحليل كمي، مي‌توان بيان نمود كه روايي مدل مفهومي و روابط عوامل آن به‌طور كلي مورد تأييد قرار گرفته است
چكيده لاتين :
The facade of a building is the essential element expressed by architecture. It has a significant impact on the viewer’s sensation and perception. The facade is the first component that people see when looking at a building, and they continuously “experience” it as they approach the building. Most studies about building facades have an urban planning approach to this subject, and it has not seen much scholarly attention from the perspective of architecture. Considering that there is no specific theory or model about the meaning of facades in architecture and since contextual factors such as culture, social conditions, and economic status affect the meaning of facades, the grounded theory was used to conduct this study.
Methodology: This research use a mixed method. The qualitative part was performed using the grounded theory. The required data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews with the residents of Ardabil City. The sample population consisted of 25 individuals (16 women and nine men) who lived in residential apartments in Ardabil. Both physical characteristics (the geographical location, number of floors, and style of the buildings) and non-physical characteristics (the residents’ age and duration) constituted the selection criteria. The possibility of direct communication with the residents and performing spatial analysis were among the control criteria for choosing the sample population. The collected data were analyzed using the MAXQDA software, and the results were used to develop a conceptual model. The quantitative part was performed using correlation analysis. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire the validity and reliability of which were thoroughly examined. A total of 31 structured questions were posed to the citizens for testing the variables, and the conceptual model's validity was subsequently established.
Results: In describing the appearance of their residential apartments, the participants used such terms as authentic, harmonious, grim, cheap-looking, which were used to identify the factors that determine the meaning of facades and develop a conceptual model. Facade design is influenced by cultural, economic, political, and climatic factors. Urban regulations and land lots with small widths tend to limit designers. Social networks have increased public awareness, and the resulting changes in people’s attitudes necessitate the adoption of different lifestyles and constant changes in building facades. Adhering to the principle of introversion in the Iranian architecture, installing covers and windows in the balconies to ensure privacy was found to have resulted in unbalanced facades and visual pollution, affecting the visual quality of the studied facades. Alongside construction, quality is also influential in shaping the meaning of a facade.
Conclusion: This research shows that facade components, physical and stylistic features, and apartment characteristics collectively lead to a unique experience of the meaning of the facade. Correlation analysis and quantitative analysis confirmed the validity of the conceptual model and the relationships of its factors. Designers can use this model to go beyond their perceptions and produce attractive and accepted designs by using desirable forms and facade components and considering the users’ mindsets. Since the sample population of this study consisted of the residents of Ardabil, it is suggested that this conceptual model be applied to different groups of people of various ages and education and be analyzed separately for each group.
