ارائه مدلي براي تبيين ديدگاه كل‌نگر در رابطه انسان و طبيعت در معماري با تكيه‌ بر نگاشت شناختي

A model for explaining a holistic perspective regarding human-nature relationship in architecture based on the cognitive map

در دوران سنتي، در رابطه انسان و طبيعت تعادل برقرار بود. باوجود افزايش دانش و آگاهي انسان نسبت به طبيعت بعد از رنسانس، تعادل در رابطه انسان و طبيعت ازميان‌رفته است؛ اين امر تأثيرات منفي زيادي در زندگي انسان و نيز حيات زمين ايجاد كرده است. در نوشتار حاضر ارائه ديدگاه كل‌نگر در رابطه انسان و طبيعت در معماري به‌عنوان راهكاري در ايجاد تعامل مناسب ميان انسان و طبيعت ارائه گرديده است. نوشتار حاضر به مقايسه تأثيرات ديدگاه كل‌نگر دوره سنتي و ديدگاه جزئي‌نگر دوره مدرن در رابطه انسان و طبيعت پرداخت تا با پي بردن به نحوه اثر‌گذاري عوامل مؤثر در اين رابطه، به ارائه مدلي كل‌نگر در رابطه انسان و طبيعت در عصر معاصر بپردازد. عوامل مؤثر در رابطه انسان و طبيعت در معماري با تحليل محتواي متون به‌دست‌آمده و كدگذاري گرديدند. ميزان روايي كدها با ارائه پرسشنامه به خبرگان و استفاده از روش CVR به دست آمد. براي بيان نحوه تأثير كدهاي به‌دست‌ آمده در رابطه انسان و طبيعت از روش نگاشت شناختي بهره گرفته شد. با ترسيم روابط علت و معلولي ميان عوامل مؤثر در رابطه انسان و طبيعت در معماري دو دوره سنتي و مدرن اين نتيجه به دست آمد كه ديدگاه كل‌نگر در دوران قبل از مدرن در رابطه انسان و طبيعت و به ‌تبع آن تعادل ميان نگرش مادي و ارزشي به طبيعت موجب شكل‌گيري رابطه‌اي متعادل ميان انسان و طبيعت بوده است. همچنين ديدگاه جزئي‌نگر و كمي گرا و تأثير آن بر افزايش دانش انسان به طبيعت و ايجاد نگرش مادي به طبيعت در دوره مدرن در آسيب به طبيعت و جدايي رابطه انسان و طبيعت در معماري مؤثر بوده است و در بخش دوم تحقيق با بهره‌گيري از كدهاي به‌ دست‌ آمده در بخش نظري پژوهش و نتايج نمودارهاي شناختي دو دوره سنتي و مدرن، مدلي كل‌نگر در رابطه انسان و طبيعت براي عصر حاضر ترسيم گرديد.

: In the traditional period, the human-nature relationship was balanced. Despite an increase in human knowledge and awareness about nature after the renaissance, the balance between the human-nature relationship was disrupted, leading to significant adverse effects on human life and the earth's life. In the current paper, a holistic perspective on the human-nature relationship was provided to create a proper interaction between the human and nature. The current study's questions are: how the traditional holistic view and modern partial view have formed the relationship between man and nature in various historical eras? How could we establish a holistic perspective of the sciences taken form regarding the relationship between man and nature in contemporary architecture? The current research compared the holistic view of the classic era and partial view of the modern era on the human-nature relationship to provide a holistic model on the human-nature relationship in the contemporary era by understanding the effectiveness of the influential factors. Methodology: The influential factors on the human-nature relationship in the architecture were obtained by content analysis of the texts and were coded. Among the key factors that orient the relationship between man and nature in architecture, These were the four main variables: "ontology", "human knowledge of nature", "human attitude towards nature", "human needs about nature" and two sub-variables: "teaching role of nature" and "tools and technologies Exploitation of nature ", the way that these factors influence the relationship between man and nature in architecture was explained based on a holistic perspective. The validity degree of the codes was obtained by presenting a questionnaire to the experts and using the CVR method. Cognitive mapping was also used to explain the effectiveness of the obtained codes in the human-nature relationship. Results: By mapping the causal relationships between the influential factors on the human-nature relationship in the architecture in both traditional and modern eras, it was concluded that the holistic view in the pre-modern era in the human-nature relationship, and consequently, the balance between the materialistic and value approaches towards nature, led to forming a balanced relationship between the human and nature. Furthermore, the partial and quantitative approach and its impact on increasing human knowledge about nature and developing a materialistic perspective about nature in the modern era were influential in damaging the nature and separation of the human-nature relationship in architecture. Conclusion: In the second part of the research, using the obtained codes in the theoretical section of the study and the results of the cognitive graphs in the traditional and modern eras, a holistic model in the human-nature relationship was mapped for the contemporary era