بررسي شرايط آسايش حرارتي خانه‌هاي حياط مركزي در اقليم گرم‌وخشك (نمونه‌ي موردي: خانه‌هاي شهر اصفهان)

Investigation of thermal comfort conditions of central courtyard houses in hot and arid climate Case study: Isfahan houses

اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ و رﺷﺪ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ي ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎزي از ﯾﮏ ﺳﻮ و ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات آب وﻫﻮاﯾﯽ از ﺳﻮي دﯾﮕﺮ، ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ را ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﺮار داده و ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﯾﺠﺎد ﺟﺰاﯾﺮ ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، ﻟﺬا ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ در آﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮي اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺎن، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ ﺣﯿﺎطﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻣﯿﺎن ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﺷﻬﺮي و ﻣﻌﻤﺎري، ﻣﻮرد ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎاﯾﻦ وﺟﻮد داﻧﺶ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﻣﺤﺪودي در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺧﺮداﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ اﯾﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ در دﺳﺘﺮس اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ آﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﺘﯽ دوره ي ﻗﺎﺟﺎرﯾﻪ در ﺷﻬﺮ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن اﺳﺖ؛ ازاﯾﻦ رو، ﺗﻌﺪاد 10 ﻣﻮرد از ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي دوره ي ﻗﺎﺟﺎر در ﺷﻬﺮ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮماﻓﺰار ENVI-met 4 ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﺒﯿﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﺳﻪﺑﻌﺪي و ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺧﺮداﻗﻠﯿﻢ ﺷﻬﺮي ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ دﻣﺎ، رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ، ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد و دﻣﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﯽ و ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ آﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ در اوﻟﯿﻦ روز ﺗﯿﺮﻣﺎه، ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺷﺎﺧﺺ PET ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﻣﯿﺰان دﻣﺎ در ﺣﯿﺎط ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﮐﺰي ﻣﻮردﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎز ﺷﻬﺮي ﻫﻢ ﺟﻮار ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ 0/1-0/7 درﺟﻪ ي ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﮔﺮاد ﮐﺎﻫﺶ، رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ 1-1/8 درﺻﺪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد 1/5-2 ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻮردﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ 55/3-58/7 ﺑﻮده و ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﻣﯿﺎن دﻣﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﯽ و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ PET وﺟﻮد دارد. ﻫﻢﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ PET ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ آﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻮردﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ بين تنش گرمايي متوسط و بسيار شديد قرار دارد.

Increasing the population of cities and the growth and development of urban planning on the one hand and climate change on the other hand has affected the thermal balance of cities and has created thermal islands, so attention to the impact of design on the thermal comfort of urban spaces has become important. The study of the thermal performance of yards as common spaces between urban scale and architecture has been evaluated differently, but relatively limited knowledge about the micro-climatic behavior of these spaces is available. This study seeks to assess the thermal comfort conditions of traditional houses of the Qajar period in Isfahan. Therefore, 10 houses of the Qajar period in the city of Isfahan have been selected and by the ENVI-met 4 software, which is designed to simulate and measure the micro-climatic conditions of the city, study the changes of climatic parameters and evaluation of thermal comfort conditions on the first day of July based on PET index. The results show that the temperature in the studied central yards compared to the neighboring open urban spaces decreased by an average of 0.7-1.7 ° C, the relative humidity increased by 1-1.8% and the wind speed decreased by 1.5-2 m / s. The average mean radiant temperature for the studied houses was between 35.7-55.7 and there is a high correlation between the average mean radiant temperature and PET index. Also, according to the PET index, the thermal comfort conditions of the studied houses are between moderate and strong heat stress.