پديد آورندگان :
ﮐﻮزه ﮔﺮ ﮐﺎلجي، ﻣﺼﻄﻔﯽ دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد كرج , اردﮐﺎﻧﯽ، ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﺎ دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد كرج - گروه زراعت , آﺑﮑﺴﺮي ﻋﺎﺑﺪﯾﻨﯽ، ﺣﺴﻦ دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد علوم و تحقيقات تهران - دانشكده كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي - گروه علوم باغباني , بندﮔﺎﻧﯽ روﺋﯿﻦ، ﻣﺼﻄﻔﯽ دانشگاه فردوسي - دانشكده كشاورزي , ﺧﻮش ﻧﯿﺖ، ﺷﯿﺪا دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد كرج
كليدواژه :
آب‌تره , سبزي اندميك , گياه خوراكي خودرو , گلوموس موسه , ورمي‌واش
چكيده فارسي :
ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﺳﺒﺰﯾﺠﺎت اﻧﺪﻣﯿﮏ ﻃﯿﻒ ﮔﺴﺘﺮدهاي از ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎمﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ و ﻣـﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ و ﺑﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﮔﺮوﻫﯽ از آن ﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ در ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ در ﻣﺼﺎرف ﻏـﺬاﯾﯽ ﺑـﯿﺶ ﺗـﺮ دﯾـﺪه ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺑﺨﺸﯽ از آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان درﻣﺎن داروﯾﯽ، آرام ﺑﺨﺶ و در ﻣﺼﺎرف ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﯽ و آراﯾﺸﯽ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد دارﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﻪ دور از ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و زﯾﺮ ﻧﻮر ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ رﺷﺪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ و در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺒﺰي ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﭘﺮورش ﻣﯽ ﯾﺎﺑﻨﺪ، ﻋﻄﺮ و ﻃﻌﻢ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺗﺮي داﺷﺘﻪ و ﻣﻐﺬي ﺗﺮ و ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺗﺮ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد روز اﻓﺰون ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﺮوز ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺟﺒﺮان ﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮ زﯾﺴـﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ و ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﯾﺐ ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺟﺪي ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮد. اﯾﻦ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺛﺮ ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي آﻟﯽ )ورﻣﯽﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ، ورﻣﯽواش( و ﻫﻤﺰﯾﺴـﺘﯽ ﻣﯿﮑـﻮرﯾﺰاﯾﯽ ﺑـﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و اﺟﺰاي ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮔﯿﺎه آبﺗﺮه ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ.
ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ: اﯾﻦ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﯾﻞ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮكﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑـﺎ 8 ﺗﯿﻤـﺎر و 4 ﺗﮑـﺮار در ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺘﺎن ﺳﺎري ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ53 درﺟﻪ و 63 دﻗﯿﻘﻪ ﺷﺮﻗﯽ، ﻋﺮض ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ36 درﺟﻪ و 82 دﻗﯿﻘﻪ ﺷـﻤﺎﻟﯽ و ارﺗﻔـﺎع 43/3 ﻣﺘـﺮ از ﺳﻄﺢ درﯾﺎ در ﺳﺎل زراﻋﯽ 1395-1396 اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪ. ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﯿﮑﻮرﯾﺰا ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Glomus moseae در دو ﺳﻄﺢ )ﺻﻔﺮ و 200 اﺳﭙﻮر در ﮔﻠﺪان(، ورﻣﯽ ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ در دو ﺳﻄﺢ )ﺻﻔﺮ و 200 ﮔﺮم در ﮔﻠﺪان( و ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﭘﺎﺷﯽ ورﻣﯽواش در دو ﺳﻄﺢ )ﺻﻔﺮ و 1/5 ﻟﯿﺘﺮ در ﮔﻠﺪآن ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه( ﺑﻮد. ﺻﻔﺎﺗﯽ از ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ، ﮐﻠﺮوﻓﯿﻞ ﻫﺎي a و b، ﮐﻠﺮوﻓﯿـﻞ ﮐـﻞ، ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن، ﻓﺴﻔﺮ، ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ، وزن ﺗﺮ ﺑﺮگ و ﺳﺎﻗﻪ، ﺗﻌﺪاد و ﻗﻄﺮ ﮔﻞ و وزن ﻫﺰار داﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ.
ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي آﻟﯽ )ورﻣﯽ ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ، ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﭘﺎﺷﯽ ورﻣﯽواش( و ﻫﻤﺰﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﻣﯿﮑـﻮرﯾﺰاﯾﯽ ﺷـﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ، وزن ﻫﺰار داﻧﻪ، درﺻـﺪ ﻓﺴـﻔﺮ ، ﻧﯿﺘـﺮوژن و ﮐﻠﺮوﻓﯿـﻞ a و b را در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺷـﺎﻫﺪ اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ داد. ﺗﯿﻤـﺎر ﻫﻤﺰﯾﺴـﺘﯽ ﻣﯿﮑﻮرﯾﺰا ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن، 72 درﺻﺪ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ و 65 درﺻﺪ ﮐﻠﺮوﻓﯿﻞ b ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﻪ دﺳـﺖ آﻣـﺪه، ﺗﻠﻔﯿـﻖ ﺗﯿﻤـﺎر ﻗـﺎرچ G. mosseae و ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﭘﺎﺷﯽ ﺑﺎ ورﻣﯽ واش و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ورﻣﯽﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﻬﺘﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎ داﺷﺖ.
ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮرﮐﻠﯽ، ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي آﻟﯽ و زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و اﺟﺰاي ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد آبﺗﺮه اﺛﺮ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ داﺷـﺖ . ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮد ورﻣـﯽ ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳـﺖ، ﭼﺎي ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ و ﻫﻤﺰﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﻣﯿﮑﻮرﯾﺰاﯾﯽ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ در دﺳﺘﺮس ﻗﺮار دادن ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﮐﻤـﯽ و ﮐﯿﻔـﯽ آبﺗﺮه ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ.
چكيده لاتين :
Background and objectives:
Endemic vegetables are a wide range of plants that are known and used in different regions with different names and are native to the region. But a group of them, which are found in most areas, are more common in food, and some of them are used as medical treatment, sedatives, and in health and cosmetics. These plants grow away from chemical fertilizers and in the sun and have a different flavor and are more nutritious and natural than vegetables grown artificially. The increasing use of chemical fertilizers has caused irreparable environmental and health damage. These disadvantages of chemical fertilizers and the high cost of their production have caused the production of biofertilizers to be given serious attention. This study aimed to investigate the effect of organic fertilizers (vermicompost, vermiwash) and mycorrhizal symbiosis on yield and yield components of Nasturtium officinalis.
Materials and Methods: This factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 4 replications in Sari with a geographical position of 53 degrees and 63 degrees East, 36 degrees latitude, and 82 minutes north and 43.3 meters above sea level in 2014. The test factors included mycorrhiza Glomus moseae in two levels (0 and 200 spores in a pot), vermicompost in two levels (0 and 200 g in a pot), and foliar application vermiwash in two levels (0 and 1.5 liters in the specified pots). Characteristics such as leaf area index, chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll, the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, fresh weight of leaves and stems, number and diameter of flowers and weight of 1000 seeds were evaluated.
Results: The results showed that the use of organic fertilizers (vermicompost, foliar application of vermicompost) and mycorrhizal coexistence increased leaf area index, 1000-seed weight, and percentage of phosphorus, nitrogen, and chlorophyll a, b compared to the control. Mycorrhizal symbiosis treatment with foliar application of vermicompost and application of vermicompost caused 53% increase in 1000-seed weight, 245% nitrogen, 72% phosphorus and 65% chlorophyll b compared to the control. According to the obtained results, combining G. mosseae treatment and foliar application with vermicompost and application of vermicompost had better results than other treatments.
Conclusion: generally, Organic and biological fertilizers have a positive impact on the yield and yield components of Nasturtium officinalis The application of vermicompost, compost tea, and mycorrhizal symbiosis through the availability of nutrients has increased the Nasturtium officinalis qualitative and quantitative qualities.
