مطالعه، گونه شناسي و طبقه بندي سنگ مزارهاي دوران ايلخاني تا قاجاريه در ايران

Typology, Classification and Analysis Patterns of the Tombstones from Ilkhanid to Qajar Era in Iran

مساله ي مرگ و جهان پس ازآن يكي از تفكرات اساسي آدمي از آغاز خلقت تا به امروز بوده است. اين بينش در تمامي جوامع، داراي مجموعه اي از نمودها و جلوه هاي گوناگون است. يكي از اجزاي جدايي ناپذير اين تفكر در بين تمامي جوامع از روزگاران كهن تا به امروز كه همچون ابزاري اساسي براي نمودهاي عيني و معنوي آن به كاررفته، مزار و سنگ مزارهاست. در زمينه ي ساخت مزار و نشانه هاي مرتبط با آن در جوامع گوناگون ديدگاه هاي متفاوتي وجود دارد. اين پديده در جهان بيني ايراني - اسلامي جايگاه ويژه اي داشته و در فرم هاي مختلف و نقش مايه هاي تزييني متنوعي ايجاد شده اند. اين پژوهش ضمن مطالعه ي آرايه هاي به كاررفته در سنگ مزارهاي 23 گورستان در مناطق مختلف كشور، به طبقه بندي سنگ مزارها از نظر شكل ظاهري، نحوه ي قرارگيري و تحليل مفاهيم به كاررفته در نقش مايه هاي سنگ مزارها پرداخته و به دنبال پاسخ به پرسش هاي زير است: 1. سنگ مزارهاي دوران ايلخاني تا قاجاريه از نظر شكل ظاهري و نحوه ي ايستايي در چند دسته قابل طبقه بندي هستند؟ 2. مفاهيم به كاررفته در نقش مايه ها نشانگر چيست؟ اين پژوهش، به روش توصيفي - تحليلي به همراه مطالعات اسنادي و ميداني است. نتايج پژوهش نشان مي دهد كه سنگ مزارها از منظر شكل و نحوه ي قرارگيري در سه نوع عمودي، افقي و تركيبي با گونه هاي مختلف قابل دسته بندي هستند؛ همچنين از لحاظ آرايه هاي تزييني داراي انواع مختلفي با مفاهيم متنوعي است ازجمله: الف) انساني، ب) گياهي، ج) حيواني، د) انتزاعي - هندسي، ه) اشياء و ابزارآلات. به باور نگارندگان گستردگي حوزه ي پراكنش و وجود وحدت در نقش مايه ها، خطوط و مضامين كتيبه هاي سنگ مزارهاي موردمطالعه بيانگر آن است كه اين سنگ مزارها صرفا به مذهب، دوره و جغرافيايي خاص محدود نبوده اند، بلكه ماهيت ايراني - اسلامي آنها را نشان مي دهند.

Introduction The issue of death and the world after it has been one of the basic thoughts of humankind from the beginning of the creation until today. This view has a set of various aspects and manifestations in all societies. One of the inseparable components of this thought in all societies from ancient times until today are tombs and tombstones which have been used as basic tools for its objective and spiritual manifestations. Although there are various views on the construction of tombs and signs related to them in different societies, this phenomenon has a special position in the Iranian-Islamic worldview and has been created in different forms and various decorative motifs. This research, besides studying the arrays used on the tombstones of 23 cemeteries in different regions of the country, classifies the tombstones in terms of appearance and placement and analyzes the concepts used in the motifs of tombstones and seeks to answer the following questions: 1. How many categories can tombstones from the Ilkhanate to Qajar era be classified in terms of appearance and position? 2. What do the concepts used in the motifs indicate? This research uses a descriptive-analytical method with documentary and field studies. The results show that tombstones can be classified into three types in terms of shape and placement: vertical, horizontal and a combination of both. They also have different types in terms of decorative arrays with various concepts including: human, plant, animal, abstract-geometric, objects and tools. According to the authors, the extent of the distribution and the existence of unity in the motifs, lines and themes of the inscriptions of the studied tombstones, indicate that these tombstones were not limited to a particular religion, period, or geography and indicate their Iranian-Islamic nature. Materials and Methods This research was conducted by descriptive-analytical method and the information was gathered by library and field studies. In this research, at first the essential sources for the research were collected. Then based on the obtained information, the classification, typology and analysis of the arrays used on the tombstones from the Islamic period was conducted. Results Our results suggest that the tombstones were divided into three separate categories with different sub-branches in terms of location and statics. The intended types are :1) Horizontal tombstones that can be classified in the forms of a) box b) stepped–flat c) cradle d) statue. 2) Vertical tombstones in the form of raised stones in the form of a) uncut b) prismatic c) cylindrical. 3) Combined tombstones. It is important to mention that some of the identified fossils were not in a pathological condition and were mostly destroyed. Apart from their appearance and location, tombstones can be classified into the following types from the perspective of drawings and arrays used on the graves such as a) human b) animal c) plant d) abstract-geometric e) objects and tools. Each of the arrays which are used in different regions is different in terms of the way the motifs were created and their appearance and also there are noticeable differences in their details which seems to be more inspired by the worldview of the artists who designed the tombstone arrays. The formation of images on tombstones with inscriptions, ornaments, art, language and literature and aesthetic concerns is cognitive. According to the authors, the extent of the distribution and the existence of unity in the motifs, lines and themes of the inscriptions of the tombstones indicate that these tombstones were not limited to a particular religion, period, or geography, but rather it indicates their Iranian-Islamic nature. Conclusion The results obtained in this study showed that the process of tombstone formation in the Iranian plateau has generally begun in the middle of the Islamic centuries. After the patriarchal period, we see tombstones in various shapes and in various cemeteries in Iran, especially in the Northwest. These tombs have various motifs such as plant, human, geometric, inscription and etc. According to the etymology of some of these species, they date back to pre-Islamic Iranian cultures and some are related to Central Asia. In general, the tombstones studied in this study are influenced by the three cultures of Iran, Islam and Central Asia. The contribution of Northwestern Iran in the study of tombstones is more significant than other regions.