مدرنيزاسيون و شيوع بيماري‌هاي عفوني نوپديد: بررسي عوامل زيربنايي ظهور و همه‌گيري كوويد-19 و تداوم آن

Modernization and Prevalence of Emerging Infectious Diseases: Investigating the Underlying Factors of the Occurrence and Epidemic of Covid-19 and Its Continuity

ﻫﺪف از اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻇﻬﻮر و ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﻋﻔﻮﻧﯽ ﻧﻮﭘﺪﯾﺪ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﮐﻮوﯾﺪ-19 و ارﺗﺒﺎط آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪرﻧﯿﺰاﺳﯿﻮن و ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪن ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه در دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮه آﻣﯿﺰ اﯾﺮﻟﯿﺶ ﺑﮏ و دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﮔﺬار ﺳﻼﻣﺘﯽ اﺳﺖ. روش ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ، ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ و ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ اﺳﻨﺎد ﻣﻮﺟﻮد اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ، ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ دﻟﯿﻞ ﻇﻬﻮر ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﻋﻔﻮﻧﯽ ﻧﻮﭘﺪﯾﺪ، ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ )ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات آب و ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ و ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ زﻣﯿﻦ و ﺟﻨﮕﻞ زداﯾﯽ( اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪاﺧﻼت اﻧﺴﺎن در ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط اﺳﺖ. ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ، ازدﺣﺎم در ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ و آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻫﻮا، اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت و رﺷﺪ ﺗﺤﺮﮐﺎت ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯽ از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي و ﺟﻬﺎﻧﮕﯿﺮ ﺷﺪن ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﮐﻮوﯾﺪ-19 اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻤﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﻞ و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪرﻧﯿﺰاﺳﯿﻮن، ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪن و ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از آن در ارﺗﺒﺎط اﺳﺖ. از ﺳﻮي دﯾﮕﺮ، ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮي ﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﯽ و ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ در ﺗﺪاوم ﺣﻀﻮر اﭘﯿﺪﻣﯽ ﮐﻮوﯾﺪ-19 در درون و ﺑﯿﻦ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه در ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ درآﻣﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﯾﺮان دارد. اﯾﻦ ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮي ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه ﭘﺲ از ﮐﺸﻒ واﮐﺴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮد ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮي داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﻇﻬﻮر، ﺷﯿﻮع ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ و ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻦ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮه آﻣﯿﺰ و ﮔﺬار ﺳﻼﻣﺖ، ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ و ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ اﺳﺖ.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the most important factors in the occurrence and epidemic of emerging infectious diseases such as Covid-19 and their relationship with modernization and globalization based on the concepts presented in the sociological perspective of risky society Irish Beck and the demographic view of health transition. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on existing documents. According to the findings, the most important reasons for occurrence of emerging infectious diseases is environmental change (climate change and global warming and deforestation), which is related to human interventions in nature. Urbanization, high density in cities, air pollution, the increase in migration and the growth of spatial mobility are also among the most important factors in the spread of diseases such as Covid-19. All these causes and factors are related to modernization, globalization and its risks. On the other hand, social, economic, health and geographical inequalities also play an important role in the continued presence of the Covid-19 epidemic within and between countries, especially in middle-income countries such as Iran. These inequalities have become more pronounced, especially after the discovery of the vaccine. Therefore, occurrence, global prevalence and differences between countries in this field can be explained with the risky society and the health transition approaches.