ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﮐﻨﺶ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي: اﻣﮑﺎن ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ در ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻋﻘﻼﻧﯽ

The Problem of Economic Action: The Possibility of a Sociological Alternative in the Face of Rational Choice Theory

ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻋﻘﻼﻧﯽِ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد در ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﮐﻨﺶ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺎ دو ﻣﺸﮑﻞ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﺸﮑﻞ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر، ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺗﺄﯾﯿﺪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﯽ اﺻﻮل ﺑﻨﯿﺎدﯾﻦ آن و ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯿﺖ، ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺗﻮان و ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ذﻫﻨﯽ ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮ. ﺳﻨﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺗﻼش ﮐﺮده اﻧﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺮ ﮐﺮدن ﺣﻔﺮه ﻫﺎي آن دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﮐﻨﺶ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اراﺋﻪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ اﻣﺎ اﯾﻦ روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻋﻘﻼﻧﯽ ﮐﻨﺶ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي را ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ داده اﻧﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﻧﺘﻮاﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﺑﺮاي آن ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺳﺆال اﺻﻠﯽ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ آﯾﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻋﻠﯽ ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺗﺮي ﺑﺎ آﻧﭽﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻋﻘﻼﻧﯽ اﺷﺎره دارد، اراﺋﻪ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ذﻫﻨﯿﺖ ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮ، ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮔﺮي و روﺗﯿﻦ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﺪ؟ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻈﺮي اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ روﯾﮑﺮد راﺑﻄﻪ ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ و ﻧﺤﻮه ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﻨﺶ و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ، ذﻫﻨﯿﺖ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﮕﺮاﻧﻪ و روال ﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ. روش ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اﺳﻨﺎدي و ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ و ﻣﺮور اﻧﺘﻘﺎدي ﻣﺘﻮن دﺳﺖ اول ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻧﺤﻮه ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ ﻧﻈﺮي ﺳﻨﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻋﻘﻼﻧﯽ و اﻣﮑﺎن ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي آن روﺷﻦ ﺷﻮد. دو ﻣﻔﻬﻮم دﻻﯾﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯽ و روال ﻫﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﺑﻮردﯾﻮ و ﺷﻮﺗﺲ در دو ﺳﻨﺖ ﻓﮑﺮي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﮐﻨﺶ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻋﻘﻼﻧﯽ اراﺋﻪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺎن ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﺷﻮﺗﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎن ﺑﻪ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺣﺴﺎﺑﮕﺮاﻧﻪ و ﻋﺎدات در ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﮐﻨﺶ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ اﺳﺖ.

The theory of rational choice of economics in the analysis of economic action faces two basic problems. The problem of validity, that is, the empirical confirmation of its basic principles, and the problem of subjectivity, that is, the ability and capacity to pay simultaneous attention to the social and mental factors of the actor. Different sociological traditions have tried to express different perspectives on the analysis of economic action. But these sociological approaches have explained at an analytical level different from the theory of rational choice of economic action, so they have not been a suitable alternative. The main question of the research is whether economic sociology can provide an analysis that in analyzing economic behavior simultaneously pays attention to social factors and active mentality, calculation and routines? The theoretical framework of this research is the relational approach and the way of interaction, action and situation structure, calculating mentality and routines. The research method is documentary and based on critical interpretation and review of the main sociological texts in order to analyze the theoretical approach of the sociological tradition to the theory of rational choice and the possibility of a suitable alternative to it. The two concepts of practical reasons and routines in Bourdieu and Schutz theories in two different theoretical traditions can provide a suitable sociological explanation for economic action. Schutz's theory is a good alternative for explaining economic action because of the simultaneous analysis of calculation and routines.