مقايسه بين‌المللي اقتصاد توليد شير در گله‌هاي هلشتاين اصفهان

International comparisons of the economics of milk production in Isfahan’s Holstein farms

سابقه و هدف: ﻳﻜﻲ از مهم‌ترين اﻫﺪاف ﭘﺮورشﮔﺎو ﺷﻴﺮي، اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺳﻮدآوري از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‌ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﺳﺖ. ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‌ها، يكي از ﻧﻴﺎزهاي اﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺎزدﻫﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي پرورش گاو در جهت كاهش قيمت تمام شده شير مي‌باشد. با توجه به آنكه تاكنون موضوع پيش رو، مورد توجه جدي پژوهشگران و مسئولان قرار نگرفته است، مطالعه‌اي با هدف بررسي جنبه‌هاي اقتصادي توليد شير در گله‌هاي هلشتاين ايران در مقايسه با برخي كشورهاي دنيا طراحي و اجرا شد. مواد و روش: براي اين منظور، شاخص‌هاي اقتصادي، بهره‌وري و عوامل مؤثر بر بهاي تمام شده شير در پنج گله‌ شيري استان اصفهان به صورت نمونه در سال 1396 در بازه زماني يك سال محاسبه شد. جمع آوري داده از طريق پرسش‌نامه، و تحليل‌هاي اقتصادي با استفاده ازTIPI-CAL مدل، كه توسط شبكه جهاني مقايسه بين‌المللي دامداري‌ها توسعه يافته، و واكاوي‌هاي آماري با استفاده از نرم افزار SAS انجام شد. شبكه بين‌المللي مقايسه مزارع اطلاعات گله‌هاي ممتاز را از بيش از 100 كشور جهان به لحاظ اقتصادي و توليدي تجزيه و تحليل كرده و به منظور درك صحيح‌تر و جامع‌تر از دنياي لبني با تدوين نقشه جهاني شير با يكديگر مقايسه مي‌كندﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ داﻣﺪاريﻫﺎ در اﯾﺮان ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮراك ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ 68 درﺻﺪ از ﮐﻞ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ در ﺻﻮرﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ در ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺧﻮراك ﺳﻬﻢ 55 درﺻﺪي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﮐﻞ داﺷﺖ. ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐﺎر ﺳﻬﻢ 7 درﺻﺪي، ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك و ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ آﻻت ﺳﻬﻢ 7/8 درﺻﺪي از ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﮐﻞ را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ. در ﻣﺰارع ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ ازاي 100 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺷﯿﺮ ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﺷﺪه، ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺧﻮراك ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ 26 دﻻر، ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷـﺖ و داﻣﭙﺰﺷـﮑ ﯽ 4/1 دﻻر، ﻫﺰﯾﻨـﻪ ﻣﺎﺷـﯿﻦ آﻻت 3/1 دﻻر و ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐﺎر ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪي 2/8 دﻻري را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص دادﻧﺪ. در ﻣﺰارع ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ، ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﻘﺪي ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ 36 دﻻر و ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك 1/7 دﻻر و ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﺻﺖ از دﺳﺖ رﻓﺘﻪ 0/7 دﻻر ﺑـﻪ ازاي ﻫـﺮ 100 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺷﯿﺮ ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد. ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺷﯿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺠﺰا در ﻣﺰارع ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ازاي ﻫﺮ 100 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺷﯿﺮ ﺗﺼـﺤﯿﺢ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ 29/8 دﻻر ﺑﻮد. ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﯿﺮ، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺧﻮراك و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري در 10 ﺳـﺎل ﮔﺬﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ و اﯾﺮان ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫـﺎي اﻗﺘﺼـﺎدي واﺣـﺪﻫﺎي ﻣـﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ ﺑـﺎ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري 1/2 در ﺳﺎل 1396، داري ﺗﻮﺟﯿﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ و ﺳﻮدآور ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ وﺟﻮد ﺳﻮدآوري و ﺗﻮﺟﯿﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي در واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ ﻣـﯽ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﮐـﻪ از ﻃﺮﯾـﻖ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬار ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﺎي ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﺪه ﺷﯿﺮ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷـﺎﺧﺺ ﻫـﺎي اﻗﺘﺼـﺎدي ﺑـﺮآورد ﮔﺮدﯾـﺪ . ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ ﻣـﺎﻟﯽ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي واﺣﺪﻫﺎي داﻣﺪاري ﺷﯿﺮي ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ اﯾﻦ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ آﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﺳـﺖ ﮔـﺬاران و ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﮔﺬاران ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﮔﯿﺮي اﺻﻮﻟﯽ و ﯾﺎ رﻓﻊ ﻣﺸﮑﻼت ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﮔﺮدد. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ روﯾﮑﺮد ﺟﺪﯾﺪي در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻣﺰارع در اﯾﺮان و ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺑﻬﺮهوري، در اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼـﯿﻦ ﻗﺮار دﻫﺪ.

One of the most important goals of dairy cows breeding is to increase profitability by reducing production costs. Cost analysis is one of the basic needs to calculate the economic efficiency of cattle breeding to reduce the cost of milk. Considering that the study of the present subject has not been seriously considered by researchers and officials, we conducted a study aimed at investigating the economic aspects of milk production in Holstein herds in Iran compared it to other countries in the world. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, economic and returns indicators, and affecting factors on milk production costs in five Isfahan dairy herds as a sample in 1396 over one year was calculated. Data were collected through a questionnaire and economic analyses were performed by using the TIPI-CAL model which was developed by the IFCN Dairy World Network, and statistical analyses were performed using SAS software. IFCN Dairy is an international farm Comparison network that economically and productively analyzes the information of best farms from more than 100 countries, and for a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the dairy world with compiles, a milk global map Compares together. Results: Studies showed that the highest cost of the dairy herd with an average of 68% in Iran and 55% on a world scale was related to feed. The labour costs had a 7% share and the share of depreciation on machinery and buildings was 7.8% of total costs. In typical farms, per 100 kg energy-corrected milk (ECM), an average of Feed cost was 26.0 USD, Vet & medicine cost was 4.1 USD, machinery and buildings costs was 3.1 USD and the labor costs had an average of 2.8 USD. On average, Cash costs were adjusted to 36 USD, depreciation, and lost opportunity costs were also 1.7 and 0.7 USD/100 kg ECM. The average cost of producing milk only in typical farms was 29.8 USD/100 kg ECM. World milk price indicator, world feed price indicator, and IFCN sustainability indicator were calculated on IRAN and global scale in the last 10 years, and also was seen in 1396 typical farms with 1.2 sustainability indicator were financially justified and profitable. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate the existence of profitability and financial and economic justification in the studied farms, which was estimated by examining the factors affecting the cost of milk and also calculating economic indicators. The financial and economic study of dairy farms can better identify the location of these farms and increase the level of awareness of policymakers and investors of agricultural activities to make principled decisions or solve existing problems. The results of this research can provide a new approach to comparing dairy herds in different countries and compare it with dairy farms in Iran by using the economic, return, and profitability indicators to dairy farmers and experts.