اثر جيره داراي زئوليت غني شده با مكمل معدني-ويتاميني بر توليد شير، غلظت ‌كلسيم خون و ناهنجاري‌هاي توليدمثلي‌گاوهاي تازه‌زاي تحت تنش‌گرمايي

Effect of vitamin-mineral enriched Zeolite on milk yield, plasma Ca concentration and some reproductive disorders in early lactating dairy cows under heat stress

ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﺑﮑﺎرﮔﯿﺮي ﺟﯿﺮه ﻫﺎي ﮐﻢ ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺎﻫﺶ اﺑﺘﻼي ﮔﺎوﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺐ ﺷﯿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸـﮑﻼﺗﯽ ﻫﻤـﺮاه اﺳـﺖ. ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﺟﯿﺮه ﺑﺎﯾﺪ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ ﻫﺎي ﮐﻤﯽ و ﮐﯿﻔﯽ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ و ﺳﻼﻣﺘﯽ ﮔﺎوﻫﺎ اﺛﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ دارد. ﻧﻤـﮏ ﻫـﺎي آﻧﯿﻮﻧﯿﮏ ﻧﯿﺰ ﮔﺮان ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﺑﻮده، ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮف ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ ﻣﺪت داﺷﺘﻪ و اﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻫﻤﮕﻦ و ﮐﻨﺘـﺮل ﻣﺼـﺮف آﻧﻬـﺎ ﻣﺸـﮑﻞ اﺳـﺖ . ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ آن اﻓﺰودن اﯾﻦ ﻧﻤﮏ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﯿﺮه ﮔﺎوﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻮﺷﺨﻮراﮐﯽ، ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣـﺎده ﺧﺸـﮏ ، اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗـﻮازن ﻣﻨﻔـﯽ اﻧﺮژي و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ اﺳﯿﺪﻫﺎي ﭼﺮب ﻏﯿﺮ اﺳﺘﺮﯾﻔﻪ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد. ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﮔﺎوﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﯾﮏ ﺟﯿﺮه ﺧﺎص ﻧﯿﺰ ﮐﺎر ﺳﺨﺖ و ﭘﺮﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ اي اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع، ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﯾﮏ روش ﺑﺎ ﻣﺰاﯾﺎي ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﺤﺪود ﮐﺮدن دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ در دوره اﻧﺘﻈﺎر زاﯾﻤﺎن ﮔﺎوﻫﺎ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ آن ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺷﯿﺮ، ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ و ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎري ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﻣﺜﻠﯽ ﮔﺎوﻫﺎي ﺗﺎزه زا در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﮔﺮﻣﺎي ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﻮد. ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: ﺗﻌﺪاد 60 راس ﮔﺎو اﻧﺘﻈﺎر زاﯾﻤﺎن در 3 ﮔﺮوه آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح آﻣﺎري ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﺗﮑـﺮاري در واﺣﺪ زﻣﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻟﺤﺎظ اﺛﺮ دام و ﺷﮑﻢ زاﯾﺶ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. زﻣﺎن آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن و ﻣﺪت ﻋﺎدت ﭘﺬﯾﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺟﯿـﺮه 15 روز و دوره آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ 45 روز از 15- ﺗـﺎ 30+ روز ﺑﻌـﺪ زاﯾـﺶ ﮔﺎوﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻮد. ﺟﯿـﺮه ﻫـﺎي آزﻣﺎﯾﺸـﯽ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ : 1( ﺷـﺎﻫﺪ ﺑـﺎ ﮐﻠﺴـﯿﻢ ﭘـﺎﯾﯿﻦ )0/44%=Ca(، 2( آﻧﯿﻮﻧﯿﮏ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ)1%=Ca(، 3( ﺷﺎﻫﺪ+ زﺋﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻏﻨﯽ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. از ﻫﻔﺘﻪ دوم ﺑﻌﺪ زاﯾﺶ ﮔﺎوﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﯾـﮏ ﺟﯿﺮه ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ اواﯾﻞ ﺷﯿﺮدﻫﯽ ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. اﺧﺘﻼف ﮐﺎﺗﯿﻮن-آﻧﯿﻮن ﺟﯿﺮه ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 100+ ، 100- و 100+ ﻣﯿﻠﯽ اﮐﯽ واﻻن ﮔـﺮم ﺑـﺮ ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم و ﻣﯿﺰان ﻣﺼﺮف ﻧﻤﮏ آﻧﯿﻮﻧﯿﮏ و ﻣﮑﻤﻞ زﺋﻮﻟﯿﺖ در ﺟﯿﺮه ﻫﺎي 2 و 3 ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 2/8 و 1/5 درﺻﺪ ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸـﮏ ﺟﯿـﺮه ﺑﻮد. ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ و ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺷﯿﺮ، ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﺗﺎم و ﯾﻮﻧﯿﺰه ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ، اﻣﺘﯿﺎز وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺑﺪﻧﯽ و ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ اﺧﺘﻼﻻت ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺜﻠﯽ ﺑﻌﺪ زاﯾﻤﺎن ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ و اﻧﺮژي در ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﯽ داري ﻧﺸﺎن داد )0/01≤P . درﺻﺪ ﭼﺮﺑـﯽ ﺷـﯿﺮ در ﺟﯿـﺮه داراي زﺋﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﺑﻘﯿﻪ )0/01≤P(، و ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺷﯿﺮ ﺧﺎم و ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﺷﺪه ﺟﯿﺮه آﻧﯿﻮﻧﯿـﮏ ﺑﯿﺸـﺘﺮ از دو ﺟﯿـﺮه دﯾﮕـﺮ ﺑـﻮد . ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﻞ و ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﯾﻮﻧﯿﺰه در ﺟﯿﺮه زﺋﻮﻟﯿﺖ در زﻣﺎن زاﯾﻤﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺟﯿﺮه ﻫﺎي ﮐﻢ ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ و آﻧﯿﻮﻧﯿﮏ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ و در ﺳﺎﻋﺎت 12 ،6 ... ﺷﯿﺮدان در ﮔﺎوﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﻦ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ و در ﺟﯿﺮه ﻫﺎي زﺋﻮﻟﯿﺖ و آﻧﯿﻮﻧﯿﮏ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ از ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد، ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣـﻮارد ﺣـﺎﻣﻠﮕﯽ ﻣﻮﻓـﻖ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻮارد ﺣﺬف ﮔﺎو از ﮔﻠﻪ در ﺟﯿﺮه ﻫﺎي ﯾﺎد ﺷﺪه ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ )P≤0/01(. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ و اﻧﺮژي در ﺟﯿﺮه داراي زﺋﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﯿﺮه ﺷﺎﻫﺪ و آﻧﯿﻮﻧﯿـﮏ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﯾﺎﻓﺖ و ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﻞ و ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﯾﻮﻧﯿﺰه آن ﻧﯿﺰ در زﻣﺎن زاﯾﻤﺎن ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ﺑﻌﺪ از آن ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد. اﯾـﻦ اﻣـﺮ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻫﯿﭙﻮﮐﻠﺴﯿﻤﯽ و ﺗﺐ ﺷﯿﺮدر ﮔﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺛﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺷﯿﺮ و ﺳﻼﻣﺘﯽ ﮔﺎوﻫﺎ ﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ اﻣﺘﯿـﺎز وﺿـﻌﯿﺖ ﺑـﺪﻧﯽ آﻧﻬـﺎ را ﺑﻬﺒﻮد و ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ اﺧﺘﻼﻻت ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﻣﺜﻠﯽ آﻧﻬﺎ را ﮐﺎﻫﺶ داد. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ رﺳـﺪ ﺟﯿـﺮه داراي زﺋﻮﻟﯿـﺖ ﺟـﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ ﻣ ﻨﺎﺳـ ﺒﯽ ﺑـﺮاي ﺟﯿﺮه ﻫﺎي راﯾﺞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

Applying low-calcium to control milk fever have many problems in practice. Dietary Ca levels should be reduced by quantitative and qualitative methods such as limiting feed intake, which negatively affects the milk production and health of the cows. Anionic salts are also expensive and should be consumed before calving for a long period. It is also difficult to produce a homogeneous diet for selected cows in special section of a farm. In addition, add these salts to cows' diets reduces the palatability of the diet, decrease dry matter intake, conversely, increase negative energy balance and the concentration of non-esterified plasma fatty acids. Therefore, as an important goal of this research, it seems vital to introduce a method that solves the problems and have many advantages to improve productive traits and health related factors of fresh cows during a hot full stressed summer. Materials and methods: Study was performed by 60 Holstein cows near calving in 3 experimental groups using a completely randomized statistical design with repeated measurements in time. Study was done in summer season, adaptation and experimental period were 15 and 45 days from -15 to +30 after calving time, respectively. Experimental diets including: 1) Low-Ca or control diet (Ca=0.44%), 2) Anionic diet (Ca=1%), 3) Control +enriched Zeolite diet. From second week after calving the cows were fed with a fresh milking diet The DCAD of diets were +100, -100, +100 mEq/kg DM respectively. The Anionic and Zeolite supplementation were used at level of 2.8 and 1.5% based on daily DMI of cows. Experimental traits were included milk production and compositions, total and ionized plasma calcium and some reproductive disorders. Results: According to the results, consumption of DM and energy between diets were significantly different. Fat percentage of zeolite diet was higher than others but raw and corrected milk yield of anionic diet was the highest (P≤0.01). Plasma and ionized Ca concentration of zeolite diet were the same with two other diets at calving time but at 6, 12 and 24 hours after that were significantly higher than others (P≤0.01). The frequency of severe and subclinical hypocalcaemia was higher in control diet and older cows, but in zeolite diet was lower than others (P≤0.01). The highest BCS was for zeolite (2.98) and the lowest (2.86) for control diet (P≤0.01). The frequency of postpartum disorders (calving difficulty, retained placenta, endometritis, and abomasum displacement) was significantly lower in zeolite and anionic diets than control (P≤0.01). Highest percent of ssuccessful pregnancy, inversely, lowest percent of culled cows from herd observed in zeolits and anionic diets (P≤0.01). Conclusion: According to the results, improved dry matter and energy consumption was observed in zeolite diet compared to anionic which had a direct effect on milk productive traits. Improved total and ionized Ca plasma concentrations during calving and after that and better control on hypocalcaemia and related problems in the herd, with highest BCS and a significant reduction in the frequency of postpartum disorders are of the advantages of zeolite diet. So the proposed method of calcium restriction using zeolite supplement seems to be successful and can be used as an alternative for common methods.