تاثير عوامل مادري بر رشد، شاخص‌هاي رشد اسكلتي و پروتئين تام سرم خون گوساله‌هاي شيرخوار هلشتاين

The effect of maternal factors on growth, skeletal growth factors, and serum total protein of Holstein dairy calves

سابقه و هدف: هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسي عوامل مربوط به مادر (اثرات مادري) شامل طول دوره خشكي، تعداد شكم زايش، نوع زايش، تعداد گوساله در زايش و نمره وضعيت بدن گاو در زمان زايش بر وزن تولد، غلظت پروتئين تام سرم خون و فراسنجه‌هاي رشد اسكلتي گوساله‌هاي ماده شيرخوار هلشتاين بود. مواد و روشها: 152 راس گاو شيري هلشتاين و گوساله‌هاي ماده آنها در اين پژوهش مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. گوساله‌ها در بدو تولد وزن كشي شدند. نمونه آغوز تازه از 152 گاو شيري هلشتاين جمع آوري شد. اثرات مادري شامل: تعداد شكم زايش از 2 تا 5. نوع زايش: يك قلو يا چندقلو، طبيعي يا سخت زايي، طول دوره خشكي كه شامل: گروه 1- زير 45 روز. گروه 2- 46 تا 60 روز. گروه 3- 61 تا 75 روز و گروه 4- بالاي 75 روز تقسيم بندي گرديد. همچنين در روز 30 و 60 آزمايش وزن بدن گوساله‌ها اندازه گيري و ثبت شدند. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ: وزن ﺑﺪن ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎ در زﻣﺎن ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺷﮑﻢ زاﯾﺶ ﻣﺎدر ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺖ. ﺷﮑﻢ زاﯾﺶ ﮔﺎو ﺑﺮ وزن ﺑﺪن ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎ در 30 روزﮔﯽ و 60 روزﮔﯽ اﺛﺮ داﺷﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﮐﻪ وزن ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﻟﺪﺷﺪه از ﻣﺎدران ﺑﺎ 5 ﺷﮑﻢ زاﯾﺶ در 30 روزﮔـﯽ در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺎدران ﺑﺎ ﺷﮑﻢ 3 ،2 و 4 ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد )P<0/05(. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ در 60 روزﮔﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﻟﺪﺷﺪه از ﻣﺎدران ﺑـﺎ ﺷـﮑﻢ زاﯾﺶ 2 در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎ وزن ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮي داﺷﺘﻨﺪ )P<0/05(. وزن ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎ در ﺗﻮﻟﺪ، 30 و 60 روزﮔﯽ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛ ﯿﺮ ﻧـﻮع ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪ و ﻧﻮع زاﯾﺶ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ )P<0/05(، ﺑﻪﻃﻮريﮐﻪ ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﮏ ﻗﻠﻮ و ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﻟﺪﺷﺪه از زاﯾﻤﺎن ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ وزن ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮي داﺷﺘﻨﺪ. ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ و ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ وزن 60 روزﮔﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ در ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺎدران ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮل دوره ﺧﺸﮑﯽ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ از 45 و ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از 75 روز ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﯿﻦ ﺗﺎم ﺳﺮم ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺷﮑﻢ زاﯾﺶ، ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪ در ﻫﺮ زاﯾﺶ، ﻧﻮع زاﯾﺶ و ﻧﻤﺮه وﺿـﻌﯿﺖ ﺑـﺪﻧﯽ ﮔﺎو در زﻣﺎن زاﯾﺶ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ )P<0/05(. ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼوه اﺛﺮ ﻧﻮع زاﯾﺶ ﺑﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﯿﻦ ﺗﺎم ﺳﺮم ﮔﻮﺳـﺎﻟﻪ ﻫـﺎ در ﺗﻮﻟـﺪ و 10 روزﮔـﯽ ﺗﻤﺎﯾﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ داري داﺷﺖ، درﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ در 35 روزﮔﯽ در ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﻟﺪﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ زاﯾﺶ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ از ﺳﺨﺖ زاﯾﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد. ﻓﺮاﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎي ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺟﺪوﮔﺎه و ﻃﻮل ﺑﺪن در ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﻟﺪ از ﻣﺎدران ﺑﺎ ﺷﮑﻢ زاﯾﺶ 3 ،2 و 4 ﺑﯿﺸـﺘﺮ از 5 ﺑﻮد )P<0/05(. دور ﺳﯿﻨﻪ در ﺑﺪو ﺗﻮﻟﺪ و ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻫﯿﭗ در 60 روزﮔﯽ در ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺎدران ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮل دوره ﺧﺸﮑﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از75 روز ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد )P<0/05(. ﻓﺮاﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎي رﺷﺪ اﺳﮑﻠﺘﯽ در ﺗﻮﻟﺪ و 60 روزﮔﯽ ﺑـﺮا ي ﮔﻮﺳـﺎﻟﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺗـﮏ ﻗﻠـﻮ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ دوﻗﻠـﻮ و ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ زاﯾﺶ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد )P<0/05(. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮرﮐﻠﯽ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ ﻣﺎدر و ﻧﺤﻮه زاﯾﺶ ﺑـﺮ وﺿـﻌﯿﺖ اﯾﻤﻨـﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﺮﺧﻮار اﺛﺮ دارد.

The aim of this study was to investigate maternal factors including dry period length, parity, calving type, calf number per calving, and calving body condition score on body weight (BW), serum total protein (STP) concentration, and body structure growth of female Holstein dairy calves. Materials and methods: 152 Holstein dairy cows and their female calves were studied in this experiment. The calves were weighed at birth and moved to individual pens bedded with sawdust, Fresh colostrum samples were collected from 152 Holstein dairy cows. Maternal effects include: number of births from 2 to 5. Type of childbirth: single or multiple, natural or hard birth. Dry period length which includes: Group 1 - under 45 days. Group 2- 46 to 60 days. Group 3 - 61 to 75 days and group 4- Over 75 days. Calves' BW was also measured on days 30 and 60 of the study. Results: Birth BW was not affected by the mother's parity. The parity had an effect on the BW of calves at day 30 and 60, whereas, the lowest calves BW at day 30 was revealed in the five lactation cows. Also, the calves that were born to mothers who entered their second lactation were heavier than other calves at day 60 (P <0.05). Calf BW at birth, 30, and 60 days of age was affected by the number of calves at birth and the type of calving (P <0.05) so that singleton calves and normal birth calves had more BW. day 60 (P <0.05) was significant so that the mothers with dry period length less than 45 and more than 75 days had the lowest and highest 60-day calves BW. Serum total protein was affected by parity, calves’ number per calving, type of calving, and calving body condition score (P <0.05). In addition, the effect of calving type on STP concentration at birth and day 10 tended to be significant, while at day 35 normal birth calves had greater STP than dystocia birth calves. Withers height and body length in calves born to five lactations mothers were lower than other parities (P <0.05). Heart girth at birth and hip height at day 60 of age was higher in calves were born to mother with a dry period length more than 75 days (P <0.05). Body structure at birth and day 60 was higher for singleton calves than for twin calves and calves born with normal calving than calves born with dystocia (P <0.05). Conclusion: The results of the current experiment showed that factors related to the physiological status of dams and calving type affect the immunity status and performance of infant's calves