كليدواژه :
تهران , توليد فضا , سرمايه‌داري , فرايند
چكيده فارسي :
ﺑﯿﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻓﻀﺎ راﺑﻄﮥ دﯾﺎﻟﮑﺘﯿﮑﯽ و ﭼﻨﺪﻣﻘﯿﺎس وﺟﻮد دارد. از ﯾﮏ ﺳﻮ ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﻧﻪ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﻓﻀـﺎ ي ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي اراﺿﯽ و ﭼﺸﻢ اﻧﺪازﻫﺎ را ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ، ﺑﻠﮑـﻪ ﻓﻀـﺎ ي ﺗﺨﯿﻠـﯽ و ذﻫﻨـ ﯽ و ﻓﻀﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﺷﺪة ﮐﻞ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ را ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ. ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻓﻀﺎي ﺷـﻬﺮ ي در دورة اﯾﺮان ﻣﺪرن اﺳﺖ. ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﮥ ﻣﻮردي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪف ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ، ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺎز ي، ﻧﯿﺮوﻫـﺎي ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﮔـﺬار، اﻫـﺪاف و ﻧﺘـﺎ ﯾﺞ اﻗـﺪاﻣﺎت ﺻـﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ در ﺷـﻬﺮ ﺗﻬـﺮان ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. روش ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﭘﺲ روﯾﺪادي ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. اﺑﺰار ﮔﺮدآوري داده ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﺳـﻨﺎد ي ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ اﻫﺪاف ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻓﻀﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺷﻬﺮي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﻮده و در ﺳـﻪ دورة ﻣﻬـﻢ اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺎده اﺳﺖ. در دورة اول ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻫﺪف از ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻀﺎي ﺷﻬﺮي، ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﻓﻀﺎ و درﻧﻬﺎﯾـﺖ ﺑﺴـﻂ ﺳـﺮﻣﺎ ﯾﻪ داري ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. دوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻫﻮﺳﻤﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ و ذﻫﻨﯽ ﻓﻀﺎ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. در دورة دوم ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻫـﺪف در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻓﻀﺎي ﺷﻬﺮي، اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ دوﻟﺖ و ارﮐﺎن دﯾﮕﺮ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ و ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ، ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺴﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻻزم را ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ آورده اﻧﺪ. دوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺰرﯾﻖ ﭘﻮل ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﯽ، ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﮔﺬاري در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ و ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪودي در زﻣﯿﻦ و ﻣﺴﮑﻦ و ﺷﻬﺮداري ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي ﻗـﺪ ﯾﻤﯽ و اﯾﺠﺎد ﺧﯿﺎﺑﺎن ﻫﺎ، ﺑﺰرگ راه ﻫﺎ و اﺗﻮﺑﺎن ﻫﺎ در ﺗﻼش ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻪ رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻫﺪف ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. در دورة ﺳﻮم دوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻫـﺪف ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ، از ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﻮدﺟﮥ ﺷﻬﺮداري ﻋﻘﺐ ﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ و ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺧﻮدﮐﻔﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﻬﺮداري را ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺐ ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ ﺷـﻬﺮ را در اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺑﻮرژوازي ﻣﺴﺘﻐﻼت و ﺷﻬﺮداري ﮔﺬاﺷﺖ. ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﻮرژوازي ﻣﺴﺘﻐﻼت و ﺷﻬﺮداري ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷـﺪ ﻓﻀـﺎ ﺑـﺮا ي ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪ و ﮐﺴﺐ ﺳﻮد اﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﻮد و ﺷﻬﺮداري ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ و ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ اﻗﺪام ﺑـﻪ ﺣـﺬف ﻣﻮاﻧـﻊ ﻓﻀـﺎ ﯾﯽ ﺑـﺮا ي اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ارزش اﻓﺰوده ﮐﻨﺪ. درﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻮرژوازي ﻣﺴﺘﻐﻼت ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان را ﺑﻪ ﯾـﮏ ﮐـﺎﻻي ارزﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﺣﺠﯿﻢ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ.
چكيده لاتين :
There is a dialectical relationship between urbanization and the production of space. On the one hand, rapid urbanization not only changes the physical space, including the built environment, land use, and landscapes; It also changes the imaginary and mental space, on the other hand, the produced space changes the whole urbanization process. The purpose of this study is to analyze the process of urban space production in contemporary Iran. The city of Tehran has been selected as a case study.In order to achieve the research goal, the most important urban planning measures, influential forces, goals and results of measures taken in Tehran have been analyzed.The research method was descriptive-post-event. The data collection tool was documentary. The results show that the goals of changing and producing new urban space are different and have occurred in three important cycles.In the first cycle, the most important goal of urban change was to control space, and ultimately the expansion of capitalism.In the second cycle, the most important goal in the production of urban space has been the accumulation of capital, which the government and other elements, namely capital and local government, by reducing spatial barriers provided the necessary bases for capital accumulation in Tehran.In the third cycle, the government withdrew from financing the municipality with the aim of reducing costs, and passed a law on municipal self-sufficiency, which effectively gave the city to the capital and the municipality.Finally, the capital of Tehran has become a valuable commodity.
