تبيين و نقد و آسيب شناسي پيش فرض هاي انسان شناختي رفتارگرايانه در تعليم و تربيت با تأكيد بر پژوهش هاي تربيتي

Explaining, critiquing and assessing the assumptions of anthropological behaviorism in education with an emphasis on educational research

ﻫـﺪف از اﻧﺠﺎم اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﻘﺪ ﭘﯿﺶﻓﺮضﻫﺎي رﻓﺘﺎرﮔﺮاﯾﺎﻧﻪ در ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺘﯽ اﺳـــﺖ. ﻣﺪاﻗﻪ درﺑﺎره درﺳﺘﯽ ﻓﻬﻢ رﻓﺘﺎر اﻧﺴﺎن در ﮔﺮو ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ ﻓﺮضﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺘﯽ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ را ﻟﺤﺎظ ﮐﺮده اﺳــﺖ. روش اﻧﺠﺎم اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﮐﯿﻔﯽ و در ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷــﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸـﺎن دادﻧﺪﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﯽ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴـﺐ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻓﮑﺮي، ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺧﻮد ﭘﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ در روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي رﻓﺘﺎرﮔﺮاﯾﯽ، رﻓﺘﺎر ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴـــﺐ ﻋﻠﻞ ﯾﺎ ﺷـــﺮاﯾﻄﯽ ﮐﻪ در وراي ﺧﻮد ﻓﺮد ﻗﺮار دارد، ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ، اﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮل ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻧﮕﺮﯾﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد و ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﮑـﺎﻧﯿﺴـــﺘﯽ دارد؛ اﻣـﺎ در روﯾﮑﺮدﻫـﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﯿﺖ آدﻣﯽ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ، رﻓﺘﺎر ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻨﯽ ﻏﺎﯾﺖ ﮔﺮاﯾﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ در روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﯿﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي اﯾﻨﮑﻪ اﻧﺴﺎن ﯾﮑﺴﺮه ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮﻧﯽ ﺧﻮد ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ، ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﻮﯾﺶ اﺳـﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸـﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮ ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺘﯽ در ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ و ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﺗﮑﯿﻪ اﻓﺮاﻃﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ و ﺟﺒﺮﻫﺎي دروﻧﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻋﻤﻞ در ﻓﺮد ﺑﭙﺮدازد.

Explaining and understanding human behavior is a very important issue in education. The understanding of human behavior also depends on assumptions considered by educational researcher before he or she embarks on the research. Researchers are influenced by their culture and science is influenced by the origins in the philosophical, anthropological and cultural aspects. In behavioristic approaches, behavior can be explained in terms of causes or conditions that are beyond one’s own control. The man is, therefore, influenced by his environment. Behavior can be explained by the mechanistic form. Yet in other approaches that rely on human agency, behaviors will have a goal-oriented explanatory form. In approaches based on agency, human beings are affected by their actions, not by their environment. Instead of relying excessively on the environment and inner forces, an educational researcher should focus on interpretations and changes of human behavior.