واكاوي ساختار عاملي چالش ها و راهكارهاي توسعه كشت كلزا (مورد مطالعه: استان البرز)

Investigating the Factor Structure of Challenges and Strategies of Rapeseed Production Development (Studied Case: Alborz Province)

ﻫﺪف اﺻﻠﯽ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺖ ﮐﻠﺰا و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ اراﺋﻪ راﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﮐﺸﺖ اﯾـﻦ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮل در ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺘﺎن اﻟﺒﺮز ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﯽ اﮐﺘﺸﺎﻓﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ از ﻧﻮع ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ-ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﻮده و ﻃـﯽ دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ در ﺳﺎل 1397 اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪ. در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اول ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎ و راﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﮐﺸﺖ ﮐﻠﺰا در اﺳﺘﺎن از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﮔـﺮدآوري ﺷـﺪ. ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ آﻣﺎري اﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ از ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ، ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن، ﮐﺸﺎورزان ﺧﺒﺮه و ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ و ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن در ﺣﻮزه ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﺎ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﯿﺮي ﻏﯿﺮاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﮔﻠﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﻓﯽ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ اﺟﺮاي اﯾﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ و ﭘﺲ از آزﻣﻮن رواﯾﯽ، در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺗﻌـﺪاد 46 ﻣﺘﻐﯿـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎ و 28 ﮔﻮﯾﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ راﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﮐﺸﺖ ﮐﻠﺰا در اﺳﺘﺎن اﻟﺒﺮز اﺳـﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ. در ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ دوم ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮر ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻫﺮﯾﮏ از ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎ و راﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪه از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﮐﻠﺰاﮐﺎران، ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﭘﺮﺳﺸـﻨﺎﻣﻪاي ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻘﯿـﺎس ﻟﯿﮑـﺮت ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و ﭘﺲ از اﺟﺮاي ﭘﯿﺶآزﻣﻮن و ﺗﺄﯾﯿﺪ رواﯾﯽ و ﭘﺎﯾﺎﯾﯽ آن، در اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮﯾﺎن ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ آﻣﺎري اﯾﻦ ﺑﺨـﺶ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداران ﻓﻌﺎل در ﻋﺮﺻﻪ زراﻋﺖ ﮐﻠﺰا ﻃﯽ ﺳﻪ ﺳﺎل اﺧﯿﺮ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺟـﺪول ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﯿﺮي ﮐﺮﺟﺴﯽ و ﻣﻮرﮔﺎن، ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ و ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس روش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﯿﺮي ﻃﺒﻘﻪاي ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﺴﺎب ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑـﺮ اﺳـﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه، ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪه در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻋﻨـﺎوﯾﻦ؛ ﺿـﻌﻒ ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ ﺣﻤـﺎﯾﺘﯽ و ﭘﺸـﺘﯿﺒﺎﻧﯽ"، ﮐﻤﺒﻮد ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ، ﻧﻬﺎدهﻫﺎ و زﯾﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖﻫﺎ"، ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ-ﺗﺮوﯾﺠﯽ"، ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ"، و وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ ﮔﯿﺎه" و راﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪه در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻧﻬﺎدهﻫﺎ و زﯾﺮﺳـﺎﺧﺖﻫـﺎ"، ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﯾـﺖﻫـﺎي ﻣـﺎﻟﯽ" و اراﺋـﻪ ﺧـﺪﻣﺎت ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ، آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ و ﺗﺮوﯾﺠﯽ" ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. اﺻﻠﺎح ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و ارﺗﻘﺎء ﮐﺎرآﻣﺪي ﺻﻨﺪوق ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮﻟﺎت ﮐﺸـﺎورزي، آﻣـﻮزش ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﮐﻠﺰا ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن ﺧﺒﺮه، و ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ و ﺗﺰرﯾﻖ ﻣﺎﺷـﯿﻦآﻟـﺎت ﻣﺨﺼـﻮص رﯾﺰداﻧـﻪﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺨـﺶ ﮐﺸـﺎورزي از ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎداﺗﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ زﯾﺮﮐﺸﺖ ﮐﻠﺰا در اﺳﺘﺎن اﻟﺒﺮز ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ.

The main purpose of this research was to study of rapeseed production challenges, as well as providing strategies for the development of this crop in Alborz Province. This descriptive-correctional study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage of this research, due to lack of comprehensive empirical background on the challenges of development of rapeseed cultivation in Alborz Province, the most important challenges and strategies for the development of rapeseed cultivation were collected from the perspective of experienced experts in the Organization and Management of Jihad-e-Agriculture, elite farmers and researchers through interviews. The statistical population of this part of the study was experienced experts, elite farmers and researchers in the field of research. Respondents were selected using non-probability snowball sampling. As a result of implementation of this stage and after the validity test, 46 and 27 variables were extracted as the most important challenges and strategies for the development of rapeseed cultivation in Alborz Province, respectively. In the second stage, in order to determine the importance of each identified variable from farmers' viewpoint, a questionnaire was designed in a Likert scale format and after the implementation of the pre-test and verification of its validity and reliability was given to the respondents. The statistical population of this part of the study included all farmers who were active in rapeseed cultivation during the last three years in the study area (N=142). Based on the results of factor analysis, the identified challenges were categorized into five factors, including: "poor supporting conditions; lack of resources, inputs and infrastructures; weak performance of educational-extension institutions; inadequate farm management; and plant physiological characteristics". The identified strategies were also categorized into three factors, including: "supply of inputs and infrastructures; financial support; and provision of research, extension and educational services". Improving the performance and efficiency of the Agricultural Insurance Fund, proper training of rapeseed field management by experts, and supplying and injecting special machinery for the agricultural sector are some of the suggestions that the results of this study offers to develop rapeseed cultivation in Alborz province.