تعيين شاخص هاي آب مجازي و ردپاي اكولوژيك آب چغندرقند (مطالعه موردي: شهرستان تربت حيدريه)

Determination of virtual water indices and ecological footprint of sugar beet water in villages of Torbat Heydarieh city

ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﯽ ﺑﻮدن وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ آﺑﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺸﮏ و ﻧﯿﻤﻪﺧﺸﮏ اﯾﺮان ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺳﺘﺎن ﺧﺮاﺳﺎنرﺿﻮي، روﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﯾـﺪار اﯾـﻦ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ را ﺑـﺎ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﺟﺪي ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ. اﺗﮑﺎي ﺑﯿﺶ از اﻧﺪازه ﮐﺸﺎورزي اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ آب زﯾﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ، ﻟﺰوم ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ آب و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰي دﻗﯿﻖ و اﺻﻠﺎح اﻟﮕﻮي ﻣﺼﺮف آب ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺑﻬﺮهوري آب آﺑﯿﺎري را دوﭼﻨﺪان ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑـﺎ ﻫـﺪف ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ آب ﻣﺠﺎزي ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ از آﻣﺎر و اﻃﻠﺎﻋﺎت ﻃﻮﻟﺎﻧﯽﻣﺪت اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ، ﺳﻄﺢ زﯾـﺮ ﮐﺸـﺖ و ﻣﯿـﺰان ﺗﻮﻟﯿـﺪ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮل ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨـﺪ، ﻣﯿـﺰان ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ آب، آﻣﺎر ﺻﺎدرات و واردات ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ و روشﻫﺎي آﺑﯿﺎري ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده و راﻧﺪﻣﺎنﻫﺎي آﺑﯿﺎري ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﺮﺑﺖﺣﯿﺪرﯾـﻪ ﻃﯽ دوره زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي 1390-1398 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻣﯿـﺰان آب ﻣﺠـﺎزي ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨـﺪ در ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﻋـﺎدي 1/2 ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌـﺐ ﺑـﺮ ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم و ﺑﺎ اﺣﺘﺴﺎب راﻧﺪﻣﺎن 35 درﺻﺪ، 3/4 ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ ﺑﺮ ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﻮده و ﺑﻄﻮر ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﯿﺰان ﮐـﻞ آب ﻣﺠـﺎزي ﻧﺎﺷـﯽ از ﺻـﺎدرات ﻃـﯽ ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﻓﺰوده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﻧﺮخ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺳﺎﻟﺎﻧﻪ آب ﻣﺠﺎزي ﻃﯽ دوره 1390-1398 ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ 135692/44 ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌـﺐ ﺑﺪﺳـﺖ آﻣـﺪ. ﻃﯽ اﯾﻦ دوره 8 ﺳﺎﻟﻪ، ﺣﺠﻢ ﮐﻞ آب اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ در داﺧﻞ و ﺧـﺎرج ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﻫﻤـﻮاره در ﺣـﺎل اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ ﺑـﻮده و ردﭘـﺎي اﮐﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ آب داﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ردﭘﺎي اﮐﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ آب ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﻧﺮخ رﺷﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻟﺎﻧﻪ رد ﭘﺎي اﮐﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ آب داﺧﻠﯽ، ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ و ﮐـﻞ ﻃﯽ اﯾﻦ دوره 8 ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ 172938/25، 149885/38 و 322823/5 ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ. ردﭘـﺎي آب ﺳـﺒﺰ در ﺗﻮﻟﯿـﺪ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨـﺪ 265 ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮن ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﮑﻌﺐ در ﺳﺎل ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺣﺪود 14 درﺻﺪ ﮐﻞ ردﭘﺎي آب ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺑﻮدن ردﭘﺎي آب ﺳﺒﺰ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﻧﺸـﺎن-دﻫﻨﺪه ﻧﻘﺶ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﻧﺰوﻟﺎت ﺟﻮي در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ و واﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ آﺑﯽ زﯾﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ردﭘﺎي آب ﺳﻔﯿﺪ در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨـﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، 950 ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮن ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ در ﺳﺎل ﻣﻌﺎدل 52 درﺻﺪ ﮐﻞ ردﭘﺎي آب ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ، اﯾﻦ آﻣﺎر ﺑﺎﻟﺎ ﻧﺸﺎندﻫﻨﺪه زﯾﺎد ﺑـﻮدن ﻣﯿـﺰان ﺗﻠﻔـﺎت آﺑﯽ و ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺑﻮدن راﻧﺪﻣﺎن آﺑﯿﺎري در ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي آﺑﯿﺎري ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺗﺮﺑﺖﺣﯿﺪرﯾﻪ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺎﺗﺮ ردﭘﺎي آﺑﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ردﭘـﺎي ﺳـﺒﺰ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه ﺑﻬﺮهﻣﻨﺪي ﮐﻤﺘﺮ از ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺎران و ﺑﺎﻟﺎ ﺑﻮدن ﺳﻬﻢ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ و ﺗﻌﺮق ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮐﻠﯽ اﯾـﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿـﻖ آن اﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﮐـﺎﻫﺶ ﺳـﻄﺢ زﯾﺮﮐﺸﺖ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﺑﻬﺎره و ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﮕﻮي ﮐﺸﺖ از ﺑﻬﺎره ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﺰه و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي آﺑﯿﺎري ﺑﺎ راﻧـﺪﻣﺎن ﺑﺎﻟـﺎﺗﺮ در ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺘﺎن ﺗﺮﺑـﺖﺣﯿﺪرﯾـﻪ ﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺑﺴﺰاﯾﯽ در اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺑﻬﺮهوري آب داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

Water crisis at both worldwide and nationwide scales is serious and critical; therefore, water management in urban, agricultural and industrial sectors is regarded as an important issue. However, due to excessive use of water in agriculture, management of irrigation water used for agricultural products has become more important, requiring programming and altering irrigation water consumption pattern to enhance the efficiency of irrigation water. Accordingly, in this study the indicator of virtual water of sugar beet is measured in Torbat Heydariyeh. The data and statistics were gathered from agricultural Jihad organization, meteorological organization, and ministry of energy during 2011-2019. The model used was ecological water footprint index and other related indicators. The results showed that the amount of virtual sugar beet in normal state was 1.2 m3.kg, and with 35% efficiency was 3.4 m3.kg. The total amount of virtual water embedded in sugar beet exported from Khorasan Razavi province was observed to be increasing over the years. The green water footprint in sugar beet production was 265 million cubic meters per year, which is about 0.14 of the total water footprint calculated. Also, white water footprint in sugar beet production was 950 million cubic meters per year, which is about 52% of the total estimated water footprint, indicating low efficiency of irrigation systems in the region. The higher share of blue footprint compared with green footprint indicates less rain benefit and greater evapotranspiration. Therefore, using irrigation systems with higher efficiency and reducing sugar beet spring sowing area is recommended in Torbat Heydarieh city.