تعيين‌كننده‌هاي توسعه‌ي فعاليت‌هاي كارآفريني زنان روستايي: مورد صندوق كارآفريني اميد شهرستان لارستان

Determinants of Entrepreneurial Activities Development of Rural Women: The Case of Omid Entrepreneurship Fund of Larestan County

مقدمه و ﻫﺪف: ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ و ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﮐﺴﺐ وﮐﺎرﻫﺎي ﮐﻮﭼﮏ و ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺤﺮك و ﺗﺴﺮﯾﻊ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، ﻟـﺰوم ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ و ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري اﯾﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ اﺳﺖ. زﻧﺎن روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﯿﻤﯽ از ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ روﺳـﺘﺎﯾﯽ ، ﺗـ ﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﯿﻤﯽ در ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ي اﯾـﻦ ﻧـﻮع ﮐﺴﺐ وﮐﺎرﻫﺎ دارﻧﺪ. ﻫﺪف از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ زﻧﺎن روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻻرﺳﺘﺎن در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻦ ﭘﯿﻤﺎﯾﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﻧﯿﺎز از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ. رواﯾﯽ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻧﻈﺮات اﺳﺎﺗﯿﺪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺮوﯾﺞ و آﻣﻮزش ﮐﺸﺎورزي داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﮐﺸﺎورزي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﯿﺮاز و ﭘﺎﯾﺎﯾﯽ آن ﺑﺎ اﻧﺠﺎم ﯾﮏ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ راﻫﻨﻤﺎ )ﭘﺎﯾﻠﻮت( ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ اي ﺧـﺎرج از ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ اﺻﻠﯽ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ )زﻧﺎن روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺮودﺷﺖ( ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﭘﺎﯾﺎي ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ از آزﻣﻮن ﺿﺮﯾﺐ آﻟﻔﺎي ﮐﺮوﻧﺒﺎخ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﯾـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﯿـﺰان اﯾﻦ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﯿﻦ 0/74 ﺗﺎ 0/93 ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ آﻣﺎري ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻤﺎم زﻧﺎن روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺻﻨﺪوق ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ اﻣﯿـﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺘﺎن ﻻرﺳﺘﺎن )440 ﻧﻔﺮ( ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﮐﻮﮐﺮان، ﺣﺠﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ 108 ﻧﻔﺮ ﺗﺨﻤﯿﻦ زده ﺷﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﻃﺒﻖ روش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ اي ﺗﺼـﺎدﻓﯽ، ﭘﺎ ﺳـﺨﮕﻮﯾﺎن از دو ﮔﺮوه زﻧﺎن ﻋﻀﻮ )111 ﻧﻔﺮ( و زﻧﺎن ﻏﯿﺮﻋﻀﻮ )105 ﻧﻔﺮ( اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه و ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺘﺎً 216 ﻧﻔﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨـﺪ. دو اﻟﮕـﻮي ﻋﻠّـﯽ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻔﮑﯿـﮏ دو ﮔـﺮوه زﻧـﺎن روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﻋﻀﻮ و ﻏﯿﺮﻋﻀﻮ ﺗﺮﺳﯿﻢ ﺷﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ زﻧﺎن ﮔﺮوه ﻋﻀﻮ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ، روﺣﯿﻪ ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ، ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻼت، ﺑﻬﺮه ﻣﻨﺪي از آﻣﻮزش ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ، ﻣﻬﺎرت در ﺗـﺪوﯾﻦ ﻃـﺮح ﺗﺠﺎري، ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺘﯽ دوﻟﺖ، ﻓﻀﺎي ﮐﺴﺐ وﮐﺎر، ﮔﺮاﯾﺶ ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻨﺎﻧﻪ و ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺳﺎزي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﯽ، ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺑـﺮ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ زﻧﺎن ﻋﻀﻮ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ دارﻧﺪ. از ﺳﻮي دﯾﮕﺮ، ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﺪل ﮔﺮوه زﻧﺎن ﻏﯿﺮﻋﻀﻮ، ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻼت، ﻓﻀﺎي ﮐﺴﺐ وﮐﺎر و ﺷـﺒﮑﻪ ﺳـﺎزي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﯽ، از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻨﺎﻧﻪ زﻧﺎن ﻏﯿﺮﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. در ﻫﺮ دو اﻟﮕﻮي ﻋﻠّﯽ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮات ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴـﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ از ﻃﺮﯾـﻖ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﺎﻧﺠﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ، زﻧﺎن ﻋﻀﻮ ﺻﻨﺪوق ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ اﻣﯿﺪ از ﻟﺤﺎظ وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮدي ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻨﺎﻧﻪ و ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﮐﺴـﺐ وﮐـﺎر ﺑﻬﺘـﺮ از ﮔـﺮوه ﻏﯿﺮﻋﻀـﻮ ﺑﻮده؛ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﮐﻪ، ﻣﺪل ﻋﻠّﯽ ﮔﺮوه زﻧﺎن ﻋﻀﻮ ﺻﻨﺪوق ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺪﻟﯽ ﻗﻮي ﺗﺮ و ﻣﺒﯿّﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﻨﻮع ﺗﺮي ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﮐـﺎ رآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ زﻧـﺎن روﺳـﺘﺎﯾﯽ در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪل دﯾﮕﺮ اﺳﺖ. از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در راﺳﺘﺎي ﺑﻬﺒﻮد وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﮐﺴـﺐ وﮐﺎرﻫـﺎي زﻧـﺎن روﺳـﺘﺎﯾﯽ ، ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ آﻣـﻮزش ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺘﻨـﻮع ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺖ ﻣﻬﺎرت در ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﻃﺮح ﺗﺠﺎري و ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺧﺼﯿﺼﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﭘـﻨﺞ ﮔﺎﻧـﻪ ي ﮔـﺮاﯾﺶ ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻨﺎﻧـﻪ در زﻧـﺎن روﺳـﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﺑـ ﻮد؛ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﯿﻦ ﺗﻤﺮﮐـﺰ ﺑـﺮ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ زﻧﺎن روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮐﺴﺐ وﮐﺎرﻫﺎي آﻧﺎن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬار ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ، ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺳﺎزي ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮن ﺣﻀﻮر و ﻧﻘﺶ زﻧﺎن در ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي-اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ روﺳﺘﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﯽ ﻣﻬﻢ در ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻨﺎﻧﻪ زﻧﺎن ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد.

Introduction and Objective: Sustainability of small and medium-sized rural businesses` activities are very vital due to the importance and effective role of SMEs as the engine of human and economic development. Rural women have direct effect on these businesses` development as half of the population of rural areas. Therefore, determinants of entrepreneurial activities development of rural women of Larestan County in Fars province were the main purpose of the study. Material and Methods: This descriptive study was accomplished through survey technique using a questionnaire for data collection. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the professors of the Department of Agricultural Extension and Education and the reliability was approved by conducting a pilot study out of the main sample in some villages of Marvdasht County. The Cronbach`s alphas of the variables were computed between 0.74 and 0.93. The research area was Larestan county in southern Fars province, so the study population was all of the rural women who were the members of Omid Entrepreneurship Fund of Larestan County (440 individuals) and the sample was estimated 108 individuals based on Cochran formula. Final samples of 216 rural women were interviewed due to the stratified random sampling method from two groups of members (111 women) and non-members (105 women) of Omid Entrepreneurship Fund. Two separate causal models were presented for memvers and non-members. Results: The results of path analysis indicated that entrepreneurial spirit, educational level, entrepreneurship education, skills for business plan writing, governmental supportive policies, business environment, entrepreneurial; orientation and social and organizational networking had direct effects on the entrepreneurial activities development. On the other hand, based on the causal model of non-members group, the three variables of educational level, business environment and social and organizational networking were the effective factors on entrepreneurial activities development of non-members. Indirect effects of the factors through mediator variables have also been seen in the both models. Conclusion: Findings showed that the members of Omid Entrepreneurship Fund were better than non-members in terms of individual entrepreneurial characteristics and business`s condition. The causal model of the members is a stronger model and indicates a more diverse affecting factor in the development of rural women entrepreneurial activities compared to the other model of non-members. Some applicable recommendations were provided based on the findings in order to improve the businesses of Larestan county`s rural women. One of the most important recommendations of the study was to pay attention to various entrepreneurial educations, strengthen skills in business plan writing skill and improve the five characteristics of rural women entrepreneurial orientation. The networking of different rural women groups could also be effective on the improvement of business performence. Finally, creating a culture about the role of women in the socio-economic activities of community will also be an important factor in the women's entrepreneurial activities development.