بررسي و مقايسه عملكرد ژنوتيپ هاي سورگوم علوفه اي تحت شرايط تنش رطوبتي در منطقه جنوب كرمان

Investigation and comparison of the forage sorghum genotypes yields under water stress conditions in the southern region of Kerman

سورگوم (Sorghum bicolor) گياهي است كه در تأمين خوراك انسان، دام و طيور اهميت دارد. اين گياه مناسب كشت در مناطق خشك است. با توجه به كاهش منابع آبي و مصرف بيشتر آب در ذرت ، ضرورت جايگزيني آن با سورگوم در منطقه جنوب استان كرمان وجود دارد. بهمنظور شناسايي مناسبترين رقم سورگوم متحمل به خشكي، آزمايشي دو ساله به‌صورت استريپپلات در قالب طرح بلوكهاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار در سالهاي زراعي 1397 و 1398 انجام شد. عامل عمودي شامل رژيم آبياري بر اساس ميزان تبخير از سطح تشتك تبخير كلاس Aدر چهار سطح (90، 130، 180 و220 ميليمتر) و فاكتور افقي شامل ژنوتيپ‌هاي سورگوم در چهار سطح (ارقام اسپيدفيد، پگاه، لاينهاي KFS18 وKFS2 ) بود. نتايج نشان داد كه رقم اسپيدفيد در تيمار آبياري پس از 90 ميليمتر تبخير از سطح تشتك تبخير با عملكرد علوفه‌تر 298.42 تن در هكتار داراي بيشترين عملكرد علوفه‌تر بود. لاين KFS18 در شرايط آبياري پس از 220 ميليمتر، كمترين عملكرد علوفه‌تر را توليد نمود (142.49 تن در هكتار). رقم اسپيدفيد با ميانگين 41.69 تن در هكتار بيشترين عملكرد علوفه خشك را داشت و لاين KFS18 با ميانگين 31.17 تن در هكتار كمترين عملكرد علوفه خشك را توليد نمود. بيشترين و كمترين عملكرد علوفه خشك نيز به ترتيب در شرايط آبياري پس از 90 و 130 ميليمتر به دست آمد (به ترتيب 46.22 و 39.70 تن در هكتار). از نظر كارايي مصرف آب بين سطوح اول (4.76 كيلوگرم بر متر مكعب) و دوم (4.49 كيلوگرم بر متر مكعب) آبياري اختلاف آماري معني داري نداشت. با توجه به نتايج آزمايش مي توان رقم اسپيدفيد با آبياري پس از 130 ميليمتر تبخير را براي توليد علوفه در منطقه پيشنهاد نمود.

Introduction Most of the Produced fodder in Iran is provided by alfalfa and corn. These two forage products have a relatively high water requirement. Among cereal forage plants, sorghum is a great plant due to its high production capacity, adaptation to different climatic conditions and different uses. Iran, with an average rainfall of 240 mm per year, is classified as arid and semi-arid regions. One of the most fundamental issues of the country is water and irrigation. Food security concerns are a major threat due to climate change and water scarcity, hence replacing plants with high water use efficiency is essential. this experiment was carried out for 1(investigate the possibility of cultivating sorghum as a substitute for common forage plants in drought stress conditions in the south of Kerman province and 2) also to determine the most suitable sorghum cultivar under the different Irrigation levels in terms of forage characteristics in Jiroft region. Materials and methods In order to identify the most suitable cultivar resistant to drought sorghum, an experiment was carried out as strip plot design based on randomized completely block design with three replications in 2019-2020. Vertical plots were drought stress levels (irrigation after 90, 130, 180 and 220 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan). Horizontal factors were sorghum genotypes (Speedfeed, Pegah, KFKFS18 and KFKFS2. Each experimental plot consisted of four planting lines. Plant density was 220,000 plants per hectare. The planting date was April 17th. The first irrigation was done after measuring soil moisture and calculating moisture deficiency. Irrigation was done uniformly every 5-7 days until the 4-leaf stage. The time of application of stress was after 4 to 6 leaf stage and ensuring complete establishment of plants. Early cultivars such as Speedfed were harvested based on the beginning of flowering and late cultivars were harvested based on 150 cm plant height by cutting from 10 to 15 cm above the soil surface. In each row, all plants were harvested from two middle lines of each plot and the fresh weight of leaves and stems was immediately measured. Water use efficiency in kilograms per cubic meter was calculated from the ratio of dry forage yield in kilograms per hectare per water consumption in cubic meters per hectare. Finally, combined analysis of variance of data was performed using SAS statistical software version 9. The means were compared using the LSD test at the level of 5% probability. Results and discussion Combined analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of irrigation regimes and cultivars was significant on fresh forage yield, leaf and stem fresh and dry weight, plant height and leaf area. Mean comparison of simple effects were studied only for dry forage yield and water use efficiency. The results showed that Speedfeed cultivar had the highest fresh forage yield (298.42 tons.ha-1) at the 90 mm level irrigation. Lowest forage yield (142.49 tons.ha-1) resulted from the combination of KFS18 and irrigation after 220 mm evaporation. Highest dry forage yield was obtained at 90 mm irrigation level (46.22 tons.ha-1). Lowest dry forage yield (39.70 tons.ha-1) was related to the irrigation after 220 mm evaporation from the surface of evaporation pan. Speedfeed and KFS18 had the highest and lowest dry forage yield (41.69 and 31.17 tons.ha-1), respectively. The highest and lowest water use efficiency were related to Speedfed and KFS18 (4.08 and 3.68 Kg.m-3), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between 90 mm (4.76 Kg.m-3) and 220 mm (4.49 Kg.m-3) levels of irrigation. Conclusions According to the results of the experiment, speedfeed cultivar with irrigation after 130 mm evaporation from the surface of evaporation pan can be suggested for forage production in southern Kerman province.