واكنش رشد گياه بابونه آلماني L. Matricaria chamomilla به آلودگي كادميوم و سرب در شرايط گلخانه و مزرعه

The growth of (Matricaria chamomilla L.) affected by cadmium and lead in greenhouse and field conditions

اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن داروﯾﯽ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ، ازﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ، و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ اﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ ﮔﯿﺎه ﺣﺎﺋﺰ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ اﺳﺖ. اﺛﺮ ﻓﻠﺰات ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻮم و ﺳﺮب ﺑﺮ رﺷﺪ رﯾﺸﻪ و اﻧﺪام ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻞ ﮔﯿﺎه ﺑﺎﺑﻮﻧﻪ آﻟﻤﺎﻧﯽ ) .Matricaria chamomilla L( در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ و ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ، در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ رﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻠﺪانﻫﺎي 10 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮﻣﯽ ﺣﺎوي ﺧﺎكآﻟﻮده ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻮم )ﺻﻔﺮ، 10 و 40 ﻣﯿﻠﯽﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم( و ﺳﺮب )ﺻﻔﺮ، 60 و 180 ﻣﯿﻠﯽﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم(، در ﺳﺎل زراﻋﯽ 1397-1398 در داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن )ﺧﻮراﺳﮕﺎن( ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. اﺛﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻓﻠﺰ در ﺳﻄﺢ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﭘﻨﺞ درﺻﺪ، ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ و ﻣﺤﻞ رﺷﺪ و اﻧﺪام ﮔﯿﺎه، و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ اﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﻫﻤﮑﻨﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ در ﺳﻄﺢ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﯾﮏ درﺻﺪ ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻮم و ﺳﺮب از ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻞ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻪ و ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻞ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اﻓﺰوده ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ، رﺷﺪ ﮔﯿﺎه ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار در ﺳﻄﺢ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل با افزايش غلظت عناصر سنگين، رشد گياه بصورت معني‌دار كاهش يافت، به طوري كه ميانگين سطح اول 480/39 گرم، سطح دوم 416/00 گرم، و سطح سوم برابر399/33 گرم بود ﮔﺮم ﺑﻮد. ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ رﺷﺪ ﮔﯿﺎه در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﮔﻠﺪﻫﯽ )500/78 ﮔﺮم( و ﭘﻨﺠﻪزﻧﯽ )511/67 ﮔﺮم( ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار در ﺳﻄﺢ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﭘﻨﺞ درﺻﺪ از ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ دﻫﯽ )283/28 ﮔﺮم( ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻮم در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮب، ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار در ﺳﻄﺢ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﭘﻨﺞ درﺻﺪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ رﺷﺪ ﮔﯿﺎه )333/11 ﮔﺮم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 407/44 ﮔﺮم( ﺷﺪ. از ﮔﯿﺎه ﺑﺎﺑﻮﻧﻪ آﻟﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺎﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ رﺷﺪ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺎكﺳﺎزي ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد.

The use of medicinal plants in contaminated soils with heavy metals is of significance for the bioremediation of the environment and for plant growth. The effects of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) on the growth of roots and aerial parts, and the number of flowers in Matricaria chamomilla L. were investigated in greenhouse and field conditions using 10-kg pots containing polluted soil with Cd (0, 10, and 40 mgkg-1) and Pb (0, 60 and 180 mgkg-1) in 2018-2019 in Isfahan (Khorasgan) Islamic Azad University. The effects of the experimental treatments including metal concentration was significant at 5% level, growth stage and location, plant tissue and their interactions significantly affected plant growth (dry weight) was significant at 1% level. Increasing Cd and Pb concentrations decreased number of flowers in the field and increased it in the greenhouse. Plant growth significantly decreased by increasing heavy metal concertation was significant at 5% level as at the first, second and third contamination levels, it was equal to 480.39, 416.00, and 399.33 g, respectively. The highest plant growth was resulted at flowering (500.78) and tillering (511.67 g), significantly at 5% level higher than that of stemming (283.28 g). Compared with Pb (407.44 g), increasing Cd concentration, resulted in significantly at 5% level higher reduction (333.11 g) of plant growth. It is possible to grow Matricaria chamomilla L. in heavy metal polluted soils for the bioremediation of the environment.