عوامل موثر در كيفيت تحقق پذيري طراحي شهري، مورد مطالعاتي: طرح ميدان شهدا در شهر مشهد، ايران

Factors Affecting the Quality of Implementation of Urban Design Plans; The Case of Shohada Square, Mashhad, Iran

كشورهاي در حال توسعه در خصوص كيفيت تحقق پذيري طراحي شهري با توجه به محدوديت هاي مالي، تكنيكي، سياسي و فرهنگي معمولا با چالش هايي روبرو هستند. در ايران علي رغم نقش مهم رشته ي طراحي شهري در ارتقاي كيفيت توسعه هاي شهري، به طور غالب تحقق پذيري طراحي شهري به لحاظ كمي- فيزيكي سنجيده مي شود و فرآيند مناسب رسيدن به محصولات- فراورده ها، الزامات زمينه اي، اهداف و مسائل مربوط به كيفيت تحقق پذيري مورد غفلت واقع مي شود. در اين خصوص، اين مطالعه پس از بررسي ادبيات نظري مرتبط و استخراج مولفه هاي موثر در كيفيت تحقق پذيري فراورده هاي طراحي شهري، از طريق ارزيابي اين موارد در مورد مطالعاتي طرح ميدان شهداي مشهد با وسعتي حدود 35 هكتار و با استفاده از روش هايي نظير بررسي اسناد طرح، مصاحبه هاي نيمه ساختار يافته و مشاهدات هدفمند، ضمن تاكيد بر ضرورت جايگزيني رويكردهاي كيفي- هنجاري به جاي رويكردهاي كمي- فيزيكي، به ارائه الگوي اوليه اي جهت شناسايي و نحوه تعامل مولفه هاي موثر در كيفيت تحقق پذيري پروژه هاي طراحي شهري پرداخته است. بر اين اساس مفاهيم مرتبط با كيفيت تحقق پذيري پروژه هاي طراحي شهري را مي توان در سه بعد زمينه-بستر، نقش آفرينان و رويكرد طراحي دسته بندي كرد. در رابطه با سه مفهوم مذكور توجه به سازوكارهاي اقتصادي و مالي، الزامات زمينه سياسي-قانوني، شناخت نهادها و گروه هاي موثر، انگيزه هاي توسعه دهندگان، رفع تعارضات به كمك هدايت محيط تصميم گيري، استفاده از رويكرد فرآيندي و سلسله مراتبي اسناد طراحي مي تواند در ارتقاي كيفي تحقق پذيري مؤثر باشد.

The quality of the implementation of urban design in developing countries usually faces financial, technical, political, and cultural challenges. Despite the important role of urban design in enhancing the quality of urban development in Iran, the implementation of urban design projects is usually evaluated using quantitative methods, and the appropriate process required for reaching the product , contextual requirement, goals, and issues related to the quality of implementation, are neglected. So, with the emphasis on the need to replace qualitative-normative criteria with the quantitative - physical ones, the present study aims to propose a model of the factors affecting the quality of the implementation of urban design projects and understand how they interact by examining the Shohada Square project in Mashhad (the second largest Iranian city) as the case study. The reason for the selection of this project is that it is one of the most important urban design plans in the last decade. To this end, after reviewing the literature, the factors affecting the quality of the implementation of urban design projects are extracted and the relevant challenges are identified using directed content analysis and library study. Next, they are examined in the case study through observations, and semi-structured interviews. Accordingly, concepts associated with the quality of the implementation of urban design projects can be modeled in terms of the hierarchical dimensions of the background and context, the actors, and the design approach. The results indicate that the factors affecting the quality of the implementation of urban design projects are including attention to economic and financial mechanisms, political-legal context quality, identification of effective institutions and groups, the motivations of actors, elimination of conflicts by guiding the decision-making environment, application of the process approach and the hierarchy of design documents. To investigate challenges pertaining to implementation of this project and proposing a model, after reviewing the literature, by applying directed content analysis, the theoretical components of implementation in urban design are extracted and assessed in case study through observation, methodical interview, and document content analysis. This study with the emphasis on the need to replace qualitative-normative criteria with the quantitative- physical ones, suggests a primary model for correcting the neglected areas to improve the quality of the implementation of urban design plans. Therefore, concepts associated with the quality of the implementation of urban design projects can be modeled in terms of the hierarchical dimensions of the background and context, the actors, and the design approach. Taking the quality of economic and financial mechanisms into account, political-legal contextual quality , the motivations of developers, eliminating conflicts by guiding the decision-making environment , using the process approach and the hierarchy continuum of design documents can be effective agents in improving this quality.