ارزيابي تأثير قارچ‌هاي بذرزاد روي جوانه‌زني، سلامت و كيفيت توده‌هاي بذري بومي رازيانه

Evaluation of effect of seed-borne fungi on germination, health and quality of native Fennel seed populations

ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎي ﺑﺬرزاد ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ روي ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﺬر، ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ و ﮐﻤﯿﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻫﺪف از اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺟﻮاﻧﻪزﻧﯽ و ﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎي ﺑﺬر ﺑﻮﻣﯽ رازﯾﺎﻧﻪ، ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎي ﺑﺬرزاد ﺑﻮده و در اداﻣﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزاﯾﯽ، ﻗﺪرت ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻢ و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ آﻧﺰﯾﻢﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺮب دﯾﻮاره ﺳﻠﻮﻟﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﯾﻦ ﺟﺪاﯾﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎي ﺑﺬرزاد ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎي ﺑﺬري رازﯾﺎﻧﻪ از ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﺰارع اﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن، زﻧﺠﺎن، ﮐﺮدﺳﺘﺎن و ﻫﻤﺪان ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ آزﻣﻮن ﺑﺬر ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﺷﺪ. ﺟﺪاﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرﭼﯽ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺧﺎﻟﺺﺳﺎزي، ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي رﯾﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ و ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﯽ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ آﻧﺰﯾﻢﻫﺎي ﺳﻠﻮﻻز، زاﯾﻼﻧﺎز، ﭘﮑﺘﯿﻨﺎز و ﻟﯿﭙﺎز ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان اﺻﻠﯽﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزاﯾﯽ ﺗﺮﺷﺢﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺪاﯾﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻮرد ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزاﯾﯽ و ﻗﺪرت ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﺟﺪاﯾﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ آزﻣﻮن ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزاﯾﯽ روي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﭽﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪ. در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 33 ﺟﺪاﯾﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي رﯾﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ و ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي Alternaria alternate و Fusarium oxysporum ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ آزﻣﻮن ﺟﻮاﻧﻪزﻧﯽ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ در ﻣﯿﺎن ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎي ﺑﻮﻣﯽ ﺑﺬر ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ، اﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري در ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺟﻮاﻧﻪزﻧﯽ و ﺑﻨﯿﻪ وﺟﻮد دارد. آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺑﺬر ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎي ﺑﺬرزاد ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ روي ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺑﻨﯿﻪ و ﺟﻮاﻧﻪزﻧﯽ ﺑﺬر ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ و ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺑﺬر ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﮐﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺑﻨﯿﻪ و ﺟﻮاﻧﻪزﻧﯽ در ﺗﻮده ﺑﺬري ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن و ﭘﺲ از آن ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ در ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎي ﺑﺬري ﻫﻤﺪان، زﻧﺠﺎن و ﮐﺮدﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ آزﻣﻮن ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزاﯾﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺣﺪود 85 درﺻﺪ ﺟﺪاﯾﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزا و ﮐﻢ ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزا و 15 درﺻﺪ ﺟﺪاﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزا ﻧﺒﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزاﯾﯽ و ﻗﺪرت ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﺟﺪاﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي Alternaria و Fusarium ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﻮد. ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ آﻧﺰﯾﻢﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺮب دﯾﻮاره ﺳﻠﻮﻟﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻻز و زاﯾﻼﻧﺎز در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﮑﺘﯿﻨﺎز و ﻟﯿﭙﺎز اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﺶﺗﺮي در ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزاﯾﯽ ﺟﺪاﯾﻪﻫﺎ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﻣﯿﺰان ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ آﻧﺰﯾﻢﻫﺎ روي ﻣﯿﺰان ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزاﯾﯽ و ﻗﺪرت ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﺟﺪاﯾﻪﻫﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ داﺷﺖ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ، اﯾﻦ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻻز و زاﯾﻼﻧﺎز ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزاﯾﯽ و ﻗﺪرت ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﺟﺪاﯾﻪﻫﺎ روي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﭽﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﯾﻦ اوﻟﯿﻦ ﮔﺰارش در ﻣﻮرد ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎي ﺑﺬرزاد رازﯾﺎﻧﻪ در ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎي ﺑﺬر ﺑﻮﻣﯽ اﯾﺮان ﺑﻪﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﯿﺎن ﻣﯿﺰان ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزاﯾﯽ، ﻗﺪرت ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻢ و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ آﻧﺰﯾﻢﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺮب دﯾﻮاره ﺳﻠﻮﻟﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺪاﯾﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻮد.

Seed-borne fungi can reduce reduce the quality and quantity of crop by affecting seed health. The aim of this study were to evaluate the germination and vigor indices of native fennel seed populations, isolate and identify the seed-borne fungi and then pathogenicity, aggressiveness, and activity of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) produced by these isolates were investigated. In order to identify of seed-borne fungi of fennel seed populations from some fields in provinces of Golestan, Zanjan, Kurdistan and Hamedan were sampled according to the International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA). After isolation and purification, fungal isolates were identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Then the enzyme activity of cellulase, xylanase, pectinase and lipase as the main virulence factors secreted by isolates were evaluated. Also, pathogenicity potential and the aggressiveness of isolates were evaluated by pathogenicity test on seedlings. A total of 33 isolates were identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics that belonging to species, Alternaria alternate and Fusarium oxysporum. The results of the standard germination test showed that there was a significant difference among the native seed populations studied in the germination and vigor indices. Seed infected by seed-borne fungi significantly affects germination and vigor indices and reduces seed quality. The results showed that the lowest in the germination and vigor indices were observed by the seed population of Golestan, followed by the seed populations of Hamedan, Zanjan and Kurdistan. The results of pathogenicity test showed that about 85% of the isolates were pathogenic and weakly pathogenic and 15% were non-pathogenic isolates. Also, different levels of pathogenicity and aggressiveness were observed for various isolates of Alternaria and Fusarium species. Analyzing the activity of CWDEs produced by isolates revealed that cellulase and xylanase activities were more than important than pectinase and lipase activities for the pathogenicity of isolates and enzyme activities affects levels of pathogenicity and aggressiveness of isolates. Therefore, these findings suggested that activity levels of cellulase and xylanase are correlated with variation in pathogenicity and aggressiveness of seed-borne fungal isolates on seeding. This is the first report on identify the seed-borne fungi of Iranian native fennel seed populations, together with the investigation of the relationship among the levels of pathogenicity, aggressiveness and the activity of CWDEs produced by isolates.