واكنش رشد و عملكرد ماشك ديم به تراكم كاشت و سطوح نيتروژن درشرايط كشت حفاظتي و مرسوم

The response of vetch (Vicia sativa) growth and yield to planting density and starter nitrogen under conservation and conventional conditions

اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ در اراﺿﯽ دﯾﻢ، ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰم ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﯾﻞ ﺑﻪزراﻋﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ و ﻣﺼﺮف ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن و ﻟﺰوم ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ آب و ﺧﺎك ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺛﺮ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ و ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن ﭘﯿﺶﮐﺎﺷﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻃﻮل دورهﻫﺎي رﺷﺪ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد زراﻋﯽ ﻣﺎﺷﮏ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪاي رﻗﻢ ﻃﻠﻮع در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ و ﻣﺮﺳﻮم، ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ ﺳﻪ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ )1392-1396( ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت اﺳﺘﺮﯾﭗ اﺳﭙﻠﯿﺖ ﭘﻼت و ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮكﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺗﮑﺮار، در اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﮐﺸﺎورزي دﯾﻢ ﮔﭽﺴﺎران اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎي ﮐﻠﺶ ﮔﻨﺪم در دو ﺳﻄﺢ )ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد و وﺟﻮد ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ( ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﺻﻠﯽ، ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ در ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ )150 ،100 و 200 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ( ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺮﻋﯽ و ﮐﻮد ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن در ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ )ﺻﻔﺮ، 15 و 30 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر( ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺮﻋﯽ ﻓﺮﻋﯽ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ دادهﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ اﺛﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺳﺒﺰﺷﺪن، ﮔﻠﺪﻫﯽ، رﺳﯿﺪﮔﯽ و ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺎﺷﮏ ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار ﻧﺸﺪ. اﺛﺮ ﺳﺎل و ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ ﺗﺮ و ﺧﺸﮏ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد داﻧﻪ و زﯾﺴﺖﺗﻮده ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار ﺑﻮد. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ، ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺑﯿﺶ از ﻫﻔﺖ درﺻﺪي ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎي ﮔﻨﺪم ﺑﺮ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ ﺗﺮ در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي اﺟﺮاي آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﮏ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ و داﻧﻪ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﮔﭽﺴﺎران، ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 150 و 100 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ در ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ داده ﺷﺪ. در اﮐﺜﺮ وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ، ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﮐﻮد ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﺮﻫﻤﮑﻨﺶ ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن و ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد 15 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﭘﯿﺶﮐﺎﺷﺖ، ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد داﻧﻪ، ﺑﻪوﯾﮋه ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎي ﮔﻨﺪم ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﻮد، اﻣﺎ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن )30 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر(، ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﯾﺎ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎ، ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد داﻧﻪ ﺷﺪ.

Improving forage production in dryland areas requires attention to the issues such as planting density, nitrogen use and conserving water and soil resources. In this regard, the current study was conducted to investigate the influence of planting density, starter nitrogen level and tillage practices (conventional and conservation) on vetch (Vicia sativa) growth and yield under rain fed semi tropical conditions (Gachsaran dryland research station). The experiment was conducted in a strip split plot in three replicates for three years. Treatments included residues of preceding wheat (with or without), planting density (100, 150 and 200 plants per m2) and applied nitrogen as starter fertilizer (0, 15 and 30 kg.ha-1 N). Based on the results of analysis of variance, no treatment had significant effect on early growth, days to flowering and ripening and plant height. The results showed that retaining preceding wheat residues caused significant increase in fresh forage and grain yields. For the most studied traits, adding starter nitrogen fertilizer didn’t cause any significant effect. The results of nitrogen and residue interactions showed that although adding 15 kg ha-1 starter N slightly increased grain yield especially when the residues were retained on the soil but higher amount (30 kg ha-1 ) reduced grain yield regardless the presence or absence of residues. If producing forage is the main purpose of vetch planting, 150 plants per m2 is recommendable while for seed production, 100 plants per m2 leads to better seed yield.