واكاوي هندسه به‌ كار رفته در مدرسه غياثيه خرگرد با تأكيد بر هندسه عملي ابوالوفا بوزجاني

Investigating Geometry Used in Khargerd Ghiasieh School with Emphasis on Practical Geometry of Abolafa Bozjani

هندسه در متون تخصصي هندسي به دو دسته هندسه عملي و نظري تقسيم‌بندي مي‌شود. اين متون، هندسه عملي را جوهره كار صنعتگران، نقشه‌برداران و بنايان دانسته و مهم‌ترين نماد بيروني آن را معماري قلمداد مي‌كنند. در بين متون، رساله هندسه عملي بوزجاني از منابعي است كه در آن هندسه با روش‌هاي متعدد و راه‌حل‌هاي ساده‌تر بيان شده است. قوام‌الدين شيرازي در متون كهن به‌عنوان مهندس و معمار در عصر تيموري ياد شده و مدرسه غياثيه يكي از ماندگارترين بناهاي ساخته شده توسط او است. در اين پژوهش با روش تاريخي-تحليلي، هندسه مدرسه غياثيه مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته و سپس با هندسه بوزجاني تطبيق داده شده است تا پاسخگوي اين سوال‌ها باشد: كاربست هندسه عملي در مدرسه غياثيه چگونه صورت گرفته است؟ و شبكه‌هاي شطرنجي در طراحي اين مدرسه به چه صورتي مورد استفاده بوده است؟ براي يافتن پاسخ، ابتدا هندسه عملي از منظر انديشمندان غربي و ايراني بررسي شد و سپس پلان و نماي مدرسه غياثيه با توجه به روش‌هاي بوزجاني مورد بازنگري قرار گرفت. در نتيجه اين تحقيق با اعمال شبكه مدولار بر پلان با توجه به ابعاد گنبدخانه و نيز تطبيق شكل‌گيري فضاها با هندسه بوزجاني، استفاده قوام‌الدين از روش‌هاي خاص هندسي و نيز از مدول مربعي مشخص در طراحي و ساخت بناها محرز گرديد.

Geometry in ancient Persian texts according to the scholars such as Farabi, Kharazmi, Akhavan al-Safa, and Ibn Haytham is divided into two categories of practical and theoretical geometry. According to these texts, practical geometry is considered to be the essence of the work of craftsmen, surveyors, and builders, and the most important external symbol of the application of practical geometry is architecture. Practical geometry is the knowledge that has been used in industry, architecture, surveying, and mapping. Among the mentioned texts, Abulofa Buzjani's treatise on practical geometry is one of the sources in which an attempt has been made to express geometry by mentioning various methods together with simpler solutions in order to be useful for craftsmen. Practical geometry has played the role of knowledge in the industry and has been emphasized many times in various sources and by many scientific scholars of different eras. Craftsmen, architects, and especially architects of the Timurid period, some of whom are mentioned as engineers in ancient texts, were no exception to this and used practical geometry in their designs. The oldest known design regarding the use of geometry in architecture is the use of a grid background. Meanwhile, the name of the architect Ghavam al-Din Shirazi is mentioned in the ancient texts as an engineer in the Timurid era and Ghiasieh school is one of the most enduring Timurid buildings built by him in 848 Hijri, which is one of the most significant buildings in eastern Iran located in Khorasan. It was built at the Ghias-ud-Din Pir Ahmad Khafafi’s command, the minister of Shahrokh Teymouri, and by the most talented architects of that time, Ghavam-ud-Din and Ghias-ud-Din Shirazi. The building of this school, like other similar religious buildings, has four porches and each porch is four and a half meters wide and 11 meters high. This research uses an analytical-comparative method, first by examining and analyzing the existing documents and literature and then by matching it with Abu al-Wafa geometry. It also seeks to answer two questions: How the practical geometry has been applied in designing the Ghiasieh school? an‎d how the checkered grids have been used in the design of this school? To answer these questions, the practical geometry was examined and analyzed based on different views of Western and Iranian thinkers and then the plan and facade of Ghiasieh school were reviewed according to Abulofa Buzjani's methods regarding the connection between architecture and practical geometry and his solutions in solving geometric problems. The result of this research shows that by applying a checkered modular grid on the plan based on the dimensions of the dome and also matching the formation of spaces with Buzjani geometry, Ghavamuddin used special geometric methods along with a specific square module in the design and construction of the building.