بررسي تغييرات كمي و كيفي اسانس زنيان (Carum copticum L. C.B. Clarke) در كشت بهاره و تابستانه تحت تنش شوري

Quantitative and qualitative changes of ajowan (Carum copticum L. C.B. Clarke) essential oil in spring and summer cultivation under salinity stress

زﻧﯿﺎن Carum copticum L. C.B. Clarke ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﯾﮑﺴﺎﻟﻪ از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Apiaceae اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺼﺎرف داروﯾﯽ، ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﯽ و ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ دارد. ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺷﻮري آب آﺑﯿﺎري و ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﮔﯿﺎه، آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻃﺮح ﮐﺮتﻫﺎي ﺧﺮد ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻃﺮح ﮐﺎﻣﻼ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺗﮑﺮار در اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﺑﻪ اﺟﺮا در آﻣﺪ. ﮐﺮت اﺻﻠﯽ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ دو ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ 23 اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﻣﺎه )ﮐﺎﺷﺖ ﺑﻬﺎره( و 21 ﺧﺮداد ﻣﺎه )ﮐﺎﺷﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ( و ﮐﺮت ﻓﺮﻋﯽ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آب ﺷﻮر )0/3)ﺷﺎﻫﺪ(، ﺳﻪ، ﺷﺶ و ﻧﻪ دﺳﯽ زﯾﻤﻨﺲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ( ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﮔﯿﺎه )93/2 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﻣﺘﺮ( و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد زﯾﺴﺘﯽ )1367/7 ﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ( در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻮري ﺷﺎﻫﺪ و در ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ و ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﺬر )230 ﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ( ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻮري ﺷﺎﻫﺪ در ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻬﺎر اﺧﺘﺼﺎص داﺷﺖ. اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺷﻮري، ﺳﺒﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﮔﯿﺎه، ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد زﯾﺴﺘﯽ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﺬر در واﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﺪ. اﺛﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻮري و ﻓﺼﻞ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺎت درﺻﺪ اﺳﺎﻧﺲ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد اﺳﺎﻧﺲ اﻧﺪام ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ در واﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار ﻧﺒﻮد. ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪه در اﺳﺎﻧﺲ اﻧﺪام ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ در ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﻬﺎره و ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ، ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 15 و 11 ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺑﻮد. اﺛﺮ ﺷﻮري ﺑﺮ درﺻﺪ اﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺬر ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار ﻧﺒﻮد، اﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد اﺳﺎﻧﺲ در واﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار ﺑﻮد. ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ اﺳﺎﻧﺲ در ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﻮري از اﻟﮕﻮي ﻣﺸﺨﺼﯽ ﭘﯿﺮوي ﻧﻤﯽ ﮐﺮد. در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع و ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ، در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ، ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﻬﺎره زﻧﯿﺎن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺗﺮي دارد.

Ajowan (Carum copticum L. C.B. Clarke) is an annual plant of the Apiaceae family with medicinal, health and industrial uses. To investigate the effect of irrigation water salinity and planting date on some characteristics of this plant, a split-split plot experiment based on a randomized complete design with three replications was conducted in Isfahan, Iran. Two different planting dates (spring: March 23 and summer: June 21) and four different salinity levels (0.3 (control), 3, 6 and 9 dS/m), were assigned to main plots and subplots, respectively. The results showed that the highest plant height (93.2 cm) and biological yield (1367.7 g/m2) were obtained at 0.3 dS/m and summer planting date and maximum seed yield (230 g/m2) was observed at 0.3 dS/m and spring planting date. Increasing salinity levels decreased plant height, biological and seed yields. Interaction effects of salinity and planting season on essential oil percent and yield was not significant. The number of compounds identified in aerial parts of essential oil was 15 and 11 in summer and spring planting season, respectively. Based on the results, salinity had significant effect on essential oil yield, but no significant effect on essential oil percentage. Quality and quantity changes of essential oil components had no typical pattern. Spring was the most appropriate planting date in Isfahan climatic conditions for ajowan.