بررسي تغييرات جهاني‌شدن آموزش عالي بر آموزش معماري و داوري طرح‌هاي معماري در دانشگاه‌هاي ايران

Investigating the Changes in the Globalization of Higher Education in the Architecture Education and Judging Architectural Designs in Iranian Universities

آﻣﻮزش ﻋﺎﻟﯽ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪن اﺳﺖ و ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪن در ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﺳﻄﻮح و اﺑﻌﺎد آن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ژرﻓﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎي ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. داوري ﻃﺮحﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﺎري از ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ روز آﻣﻮزش ﻋﺎﻟﯽ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺘﻮان ﺑﺎ آن ﻫﺎ ﻃﺮحﻫﺎ را ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﮐﺮد از دﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺪﯾﻤﯽ رﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري اﺳﺖ. ﺑـﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻧﺤﻮه داوري ﻃﺮحﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﺎري در داﻧﺸﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﻣﻄﺮح ﺟﻬﺎن، اﻣﮑـﺎن رﺷـﺪ ﮐﻤـﯽ و ﮐﯿﻔـﯽ آﻣﻮزش ﻋﺎﻟﯽ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ازاﯾﻦرو، ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿ ﺮات ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪن آﻣﻮزش ﻋﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺮ آﻣﻮزش و داوري ﻃﺮحﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﺎري اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. روش اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ از ﻧﻮع آﻣﯿﺨﺘﻪ )ﮐﻤﯽ- ﮐﯿﻔﯽ( اﺳﺖ. ﮔﺮدآوري اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي و ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﺳﻨﺎد ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ، ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي آن ﻫﺎ ﻣﺒﺎدرت ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ و ﮔﺰاره ﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﺮف وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ و داوري داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر آﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ روش ﻫﺎي داوري ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﺎري در داﻧﺸﮕﺎهﻫﺎي اﯾﺮان از روش دﻟﻔﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﺟﻤﻊآوري دادهﻫﺎ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﺑﺰار ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ و ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺑﺎز ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎدان ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻋﻀﺎي ﺧﺒﺮﮔﺎن ﮔﺮوه ﻣﻌﻤﺎري در داﻧﺸﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﻣﻄﺮح اﯾﺮان اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮات ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽﺷﺪن ﺑﺮ آﻣﻮزش و داوري ﻃﺮحﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﺎري را ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ دو دﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ درﺳﯽ، داﻧﺸﺠﻮ، اﻋﻀﺎي ﻫﯿﺌﺖﻋﻠﻤﯽ، ﻫﻤﮑﺎري ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ، ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ و ﻧﻈﺎم ﻧﻮﯾﻦ ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد و ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ارزﺷﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ ﻫﯿﺌﺖ داوران، دﻓﺎع داﻧﺸﺠﻮ، ﻧﺤﻮه اراﺋﻪ و ﭘﺮزاﻧﺘﻪ، ﻧﺤﻮه ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت را درﺑﺮﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮد. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽﺷﺪن داوري ﭘﺮوژهﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺪﯾﺪ رﻗﺎﺑﺖﻫﺎي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎ، ارﺗﻘﺎي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ، اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﯿﻔﯽ آﻣﻮزش و داوري ﻃﺮحﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ.

Higher education is influenced by globalization having a profound effect on all levels and dimensions of higher education. Judging architectural designs is one of the current issues in higher education. Criteria that can be used to measure designs are old concerns in the field of architecture. By knowing how to judge architectural projects in the world's leading universities, it is possible to quantitatively and qualitatively develop higher education in architecture. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the effects of globalization of higher education on education and judging architectural projects. The research method was mixed (quantitative-qualitative). Data was collected using the method of classification and arrangement of documents, after which their content was analyzed and propositions that represent the educational and judgmental characteristics of the world university were extracted. In order to get acquainted with the methods of judging architectural designs in Iranian universities, the Delphi technique was used. Data was collected through questionnaires and open interviews with professors of architecture at the departments of Architecture at prominent Iranian universities. The findings showed that the effects of globalization on the teaching and judging of architectural designs can be divided into two categories of indicators related to the design process, which included curriculum, students, faculty members, international cooperation, budget, and new electronic communication systems. Criteria for final evaluation included jury, student defense, presentation, and analysis of information. The results showed that the globalization of architectural project judging will lead to intensification of university competitions, upgrading of educational standards, improvement in the quality of education and judging of architectural projects.