نهاد انتخاباتي پارلمان در حكمراني مدرن؛ امكان سنجي نظام انتخاباتي تناسبي براي جمهوري اسلامي ايران

Parliamentary electoral body in modern governance; Feasibility study of a proportional electoral system for the Islamic Republic of Iran

دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽ ﻣﺪرن در اﻏﻠﺐ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺟﻬﺎن ﯾﮑﯽ از اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ اﻣﺮوز ﺑﻪ ﺷــﻤﺎر ﻣﯽ آﯾﺪ و ﭘﺎرﻟﻤ ﺎن و ﻧﻈﺎم ﭘﺎرﻟﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻘﺶ وﯾﮋ هاي در اﯾﻦ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ اﯾﻔﺎ ﻣﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨــﺪ. در اﯾــﻦ راﺳــﺘﺎ، اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑــﺎت اﻣﺮوزه ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ ان ﯾﮑﯽ از ارﮐﺎن دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ در ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ و ﻧﻈــﺎرت ﺷــﻬﺮوﻧﺪان ﺑــﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑــﺮد و ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻤﺎت ﮐﺎرﮔﺰاران ﻧﻈﺎم ﻫ ﺎي ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ دارد. در اﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺸﻮر ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﺑــﺎ اﻟﮕــﻮي ﻧﻈﺎم اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎت آن ﮐﺸﻮر داراي ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻮد ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ اﺣــﺰاب ﻗﺪرﺗﻤﻨــﺪ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ . ﺳﺎﺑﻘ ﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ از ﯾﮏ ﻗﺮ ﻧﯽ ﭘﺎرﻟﻤﺎن در اﯾﺮان، ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺗﯽ اﮐﺜﺮﯾﺘﯽ از ﺳﺎل 1285ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن ، د ا ر اي ﻧﻮاﻗﺼــ ﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح اﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪن ﺣﻮز هﻫ ﺎي اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺗﯽ در آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع، اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﯾﻦ ﺳﻮال اﺳﺖ، اﯾﻦ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑــﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻧﻮع ﻧﻈﺎم اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ، ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺖ ﺗﺤﺰب، از ﮐﺎرآﯾﯽ و ﮐﺎرآﻣﺪي ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﻓﺮض ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻓﻮ ق اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺗﯽ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺑــﺮاي ﻧﻈﺎم ﭘﺎرﻟﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﺟﻤﻬﻮري اﺳﻼﻣﯽ اﯾﺮان اﺳﺖ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ اﺣﺰاب ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ و ﻗﺪرﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﺷﻮد و ﻫﻢ در ﺗﺠﺎرب ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﮕﻮي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ، ﮐﺎرآﯾﯽ و ﮐﺎرآﻣﺪي داﺷــﺘﻪ اﺳــﺖ. اﯾــﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ و ﺑﺎ اﺗﮑﺎء ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺎرب ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﮐﺎﻧــﺎدا، ﻧﯿﻮزﻟﻨــﺪ، اﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎن و اﯾﺘﺎﻟﯿﺎ در ﺻﺪد ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﻃﺮح ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮ آﻣﺪه و در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ رﺳﯿﺪه اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺗﯽ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ )ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص در ﺣﻮز هﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮ ﺗﮏ ﮐﺮﺳﯽ( ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﻌﻠﯽ، ﻣﺒﻨــﺎي اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪن اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺷﻮراي اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﺷﻮد .

Elections today, as one of the main pillars of current democracies, play a very important role in citizen participation and oversight of the performance and decisions of the agents of different political systems. In the meantime, the parliamentary elections of each country have a different position in accordance with the model of the electoral system of that country, which can be based on powerful parties. The history of more than a century of parliament in Iran, with a majority electoral system since 1285, today has shortcomings that are on the verge of finding a suitable alternative in the form of provincialization of constituencies. But the main question is what kind of electoral system should this alternative be based on so that it can be highly efficient and effective while strengthening the party? The article seeks to answer the above question by assuming that the proportional electoral system is the best possible alternative that can lead to both independent and powerful parties and in the experience of many countries as an appropriate model, efficiency and effectiveness. Using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the experiences of countries such as Canada, New Zealand, England and Italy, this article seeks to explain the proposed hypothesis and finally concludes that the proportional electoral system (especially in non-single-seat constituencies) Can be considered as the basis for provincialization of the Islamic Consultative Assembly elections instead of the current system.