تأملي راهبردي بر مفهوم جرم جاسوسي در حقوق عربستان، بحرين و ايران در پرتو بهار عربي

A strategic reflection on the concept of espionage in law Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Iran in the light of the Arab Spring

ﭘﺲ از ﺑﻬﺎر ﻋﺮﺑﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺳﺮﻧﮕﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از رژ ﯾ ﻢ ﻫــ ﺎي اﻗﺘــﺪارﮔﺮاي دﻧﯿــﺎي ﻋــﺮب ﮔﺮد ﯾــ ﺪ ، ﭘﺎدﺷــﺎﻫﯽ ﺳﻌﻮدي وﻣﺘﺤﺪﯾﻦ در ﻗﺪرﺗﺶ د ر دوﻟﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺮﺑﯽ ﻧﮕﺮان دوﻣﯿﻨﻮي ﺑﯽ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ آﻏﺎز ﺷﺪه از ﺗــﻮﻧﺲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . از ﻃﺮﻓﯽ ﭘﺎدﺷﺎﻫﯽ ﺳﻌﻮدي ﻧﮕﺮان اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻧﻔﻮذ اﯾﺮان در ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺑﻬﺎر ﻋﺮﺑﯽ در درون دﻧﯿﺎي ﻋﺮب ﺷــﺪ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺎن ﻧﻘﺶ آﻓﺮ ﯾ ﻨ ﯽ اﯾﺮان در ﺑﺤﺮﯾﻦ ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﮕﺮاﻧﯽ ﺷــﺪﯾﺪ ﭘﺎدﺷــﺎﻫﯽ ﺳــﻌﻮدي وﮐﺸــﻮرﻫﺎي واﺑﺴــﺘﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎ ﻟﯿ ﺖ ﻫ ﺎي اﯾﺮان واﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫ ﺎ ﺑﺎ اﯾﺮان ﮔﺮ دﯾﺪ، ﻣﻘﺎﻣــﺎت ﺑﺤــﺮﯾﻦ وﻋﺮﺑﺴــﺘﺎن ﺑــ ﺎ دﺳــﺘﮕﯿﺮي ﺗﻌﺪادي از ﺷﯿﻌﯿﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﻌ ﯿ ﺖ ﻫ ﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از ﮐﺸــﻮرﻫ ﺎي ﺑﺤــﺮﯾﻦ، اﯾــﺮان، اﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴــﺘﺎن، ﻟﺒﻨــﺎن و ... ﺑــﻪ اﺗﻬــﺎم ﺟﺎﺳﻮﺳﯽ وارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ اﯾﺮان ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﮐﻤﻪ ﻧﺎﻋﺎدﻻﻧﻪ آﻧﺎن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ وﺳﭙﺲ ﺣﮑﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﺎزات اﻋﺪام آﻧﺎن ﻧﻤﻮدﻧــﺪ. ﺳﺆال در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ راﻫﺒﺮد ﻣﺠﺎزات ﺟﺎﺳﻮﺳ ﯽ در ﮐﺸﻮرﻫ ﺎي ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎن وﺑﺤﺮﯾﻦ در ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﺑــﺎ ﻣﺘﻬﻤ ﯿ ﻦ ﺟﺎﺳﻮﺳ ﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص )ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ، ﻣﺨﺒﺮ ﯾ ﻦ ( ﺳﺮو ﯾ ﺲ ﻫ ﺎي اﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺗﯽ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫ ﺎي اﺷﺎر هﺷــﺪه ﭼ ﯿ ﺴــﺖ ؟ وراﻫﺒﺮد ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ا ﯾ ﺮان در ﻗﺒﺎل ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎن وﺑﺤﺮﯾﻦ ﭼــﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫــﺪ ﺑــﻮد؟ ﻣﻘﺎﻟــﻪ ﺣﺎﺿــﺮ، ﺑــﺎ روش ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠــﯽ، ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ا ي ﺑﺎ روﯾﮑﺮد ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ، ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد را ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ وﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﻮد ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﻨﻦ در ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﮐﺸﻮر، ﺟــﺮم ﺟﺎﺳﻮﺳﯽ را ﺗﻌﺮ ﯾ ﻒ ﻧﮑﺮده ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺎدﯾﻖ آن اﺷﺎر هﮐﺮد ه اﺳﺖ، در ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎن ﺟﺮم اﻧﮕﺎري ﺻﻮرت ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ وﺻﺪور اﺣﮑﺎم ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً اﻋﺪام وﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺷﺮ ﯾ ﻌﺖ اﺳﻼم ﺻﺎدر ﻣ ﯽ ﺷﻮد واﻣﮑﺎن دﺧﺎﻟﺖ وﺳﻠﯿﻘﻪ ﻗﺎﺿﯽ در ﺻ ﺪور ﺣﮑﻢ وﺟﻮد دارد، اﻣﺎ در ﮐﺸﻮر ﺑﺤﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺟــﺮاﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﯿــﻪ اﻣﻨﯿــﺖ، ﺟــﺮم اﻧﮕــﺎري ﻻزم ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ وﻋﻤﺪ ه ﻣﺠﺎزات ﺻﺎدره در ﺑﺤﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﯿﺰ اﻋﺪام ﻣ ﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ

After the Arab Spring, which overthrew the lifelong regimes of the Persian Gulf countries, the alarm bells rang for the rulers of Saudi Arabia and its allies, on the one hand, regional crises and the rise of Iran's influence and power in the Middle East, especially in Syria. , Lebanon, and on the other hand, Iran's role in Yemen and Bahrain, caused great concern to the Saudi government and its affiliates about Iran's activities and increased tensions with Iran. Various countries from Bahrain, Iran, Afghanistan, Lebanon, etc. were unfairly tried on charges of espionage and links to Iran, and then sentenced to death. The question in this article is what is the strategy of punishing espionage in the countries of Saudi Arabia and Bahrain in the face of the accused of espionage, especially (sources, informants) of the intelligence services of the mentioned countries? an‎d what will be Iran's national security strategy towards Saudi Arabia and Bahrain? The present article, using an analytical method, a library with a comparative approach, examined the existing laws and found that the legislator in all three countries did not define the crime of espionage but pointed to its examples, no crime was committed in Saudi Arabia It is issued according to Islamic Sharia law, and it is possible for a judge to interfere in the sentencing process, but in Bahrain, the crime of security has been criminalized, and the main punishment in Bahrain is the death penalty.