ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﻧﺮژي و ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ در روش ﮐﺸﺖ ﻧﺸﺎﯾﯽ و ﺧﺸﮑﻪﮐﺎري ﺑﺮﻧﺞ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آﺑﯿﺎري

Energy Flow and Global Warming Potential in Direct Seeded and Transplantation of Rice under Different Irrigation Systems

ﮐﺎرآﯾﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻧﺮژي ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﭘﺎﯾﺪار اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﺮﮔﺎن اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن، ﻣﯿﺰان ورودي و ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ اﻧﺮژي و ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ 2)GWP( در روشﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪي ﮐﺸﺖ ﻧﺸﺎﯾﯽ و ﮐﺸﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي آﺑﯿﺎري ﺑﺎراﻧﯽ، ﻏﺮﻗﺎﺑﯽ و ﻗﻄﺮهاي ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ، ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ اﻧﺮژي ورودي و ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آﺑﯿﺎري در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﻧﺸﺎ ﮔﻠﺨﺮاب ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي دﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﻮد و ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﺮژي ورودي و ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ آﺑﯿﺎري ﻗﻄﺮهاي ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ36366 و 249971 ﻣﮕﺎژول در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر ﺑﻮد. ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻬﻢ اﻧﺮژي ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آﺑﯿﺎري و ﮐﺸﺖ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬﺎده آب آﺑﯿﺎري و ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﯿﻦ 5/05-7/35 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮﻣﮕﺎژول ﺑﻮد. ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي آﺑﯿﺎري ﺗﺤﺖﻓﺸﺎر در روش ﻧﺸﺎ ﻏﯿﺮﮔﻠﺨﺮاب و ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي آﺑﯿﺎري ﻏﺮﻗﺎﺑﯽ در روش ﻧﺸﺎ ﮔﻠﺨﺮاب ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﺑﻬﺮهوري اﻧﺮژي ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﯿﻦ 0/1-0/24 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﮕﺎژول ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ، ﺑﻬﺮهوري اﻧﺮژي ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻧﺸﺎ ﮔﻠﺨﺮاب و ﻧﺸﺎ ﻏﯿﺮﮔﻠﺨﺮاب ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﺧﺸﮑﻪﺑﺬري ﺑﻮد. ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ اﻧﺮژي وﯾﮋه و ﺧﺎﻟﺺ اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﯿﻦ 4/29-10/2 ﻣﮕﺎژول ﺑﺮ ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم و 213825- 112785 ﻣﮕﺎژول ﺑﺮ ﻫﮑﺘﺎر ﺑﻮد. ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﻧﺸﺎ ﮔﻠﺨﺮاب ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻤﺎم ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي آﺑﯿﺎري ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ را داﺷﺖ. در ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ، ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻬﻢ در ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﮐﻮد ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن، ﺳﻮﺧﺖ و ادوات و ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦآﻻت ﺑﻮد. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ در واﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ، وزن، اﻧﺮژي ورودي و اﻧﺮژي ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي آﺑﯿﺎري ﺗﺤﺖﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎ ﺷﯿﻮه ﮐﺸﺖ ﻧﺸﺎ ﻏﯿﺮﮔﻠﺨﺮاب )ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﻣﺼﺮف ﻧﻬﺎده ﮐﻤﺘﺮ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺸﺖ ﻧﺸﺎ ﮔﻠﺨﺮاب( ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ روش ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺼﺮف اﻧﺮژي و ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ آن ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.

Energy efficiency is one of the most important factors for sustainable agriculture. This study explored the energy consumption and global warming potential for puddled transplanted (PTR), un-puddled transplanted, and direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) (DSR) production systems under sprinkler, flood, and drip irrigation systems in Gorgan City fields, Golestan Province, Iran. According to the results, the average energy input and output for different irrigation systems in puddled transplanted treatment was higher than the other treatments, while the highest input and output energy was related to drip irrigation system (36366 and 249971 MJ.h-1). The highest energy consumption in different irrigation and cultivation systems was related to water and nitrogen fertilizer. The results also showed that energy use efficiency for different systems ranged from 5.05 to 7.35 kg.MJ-1. Energy use efficiency for pressurized irrigation systems was higher in puddled transplanted treatment and for flood irrigation systems was higher in un-puddled transplanted treatment. Also, the energy productivities of different treatments were between 0.1 to 0.24 kg.MJ-1, while the mean energy efficiencies of PTR and un-puddled transplanted treatments did not differ significantly and were more than DSR treatment. The specific energy and net energy for different treatments ranged from 4.29 to 10.2 MJkg-1 and 112784 to 213825 MJ.ha-1, respectively. The puddled transplanted treatment had the highest GWP for all irrigation systems. The largest share of GWP in rice cultivation was related to the use of nitrogen fertilizers, fuels, and machinery. The results of mean comparison of GWP per unit area, weight, input energy, and output energy showed that modern pressurized irrigation systems with un-puddled transplanted cultivation method (due to less input and a yield similar to PTR) can be a suitable method for rice cultivation to reduce energy consumption and global warming potential.