بررسي نحله‌هاي فكري -اعتقادي مؤثر بر توصيف آفرينش در عجايب‌المخلوقات طوسي

A Study of Intellectual-Religious Schools Effective in Describing Creation in Aja'ib al-Makhluqat of A1-Tusi

عجايب‌نامه‌ها از جمله آثاري به‌شمار مي‌آيند، كه به توصيف شگفتي‌هاي جهان و موضوعاتي ظاهراً وهمي مي‌پردازد. اين مطالعه درصدد بررسي موضوع آفرينش و كيّفيت آن در عجايب‌المخلوقات و غرايب‌الموجودات طوسي برآمده است تا از خلال اين موضوع، به رايج‌ترين تلقي‌هاي زمانة طوسي (قرن ششم هجري) دربارة مصاديقي چون آفرينش، دست يابد و اين امكان را مورد بررسي قرار‌دهد كه آيا طوسي در طرح نظرات در اين اثر، براساس ساختار مشخصي پيش رفته است يا خير! در اين پژوهش، روش توصيفي- تحليلي، به‌كار رفته است. در مرحلة ابتدايي با توجّه به گوناگوني آراء در اثر مزبور، ابتدا به طبقه‌بندي گرايش‌هاي‌ فكري پرداخته‌شده‌ و سپس آراء حكما و فلاسفه، متشرّعان، متكلّمان و... با محوريّت موضوع آفرينش به‌ تفكيك منعكس‌گرديده ‌است. طوسي تلاش مي‌كند، با توجّه به حساسيّت‌هاي زمانه، نوعي از توازن را در ارائة آراء برقرار سازد؛ امّا در عين حال، تأكيد بيشتري بر آراء متشرّعان دارد. وي عليرغم بهره بردن از چارچوب استدلالي متكلّمان و منابع دانشي حكما تلاشي در جهت اعتباربخشي به جايگاه اين گروه‌ها، صورت نمي‌دهد. نمودار ساختاري نظرات طوسي در موضوع آفرينش براساس مادّه، مراتب (مدّت) و وسائط تنظيم شده‌‌‌است و نتيجة آن عالم امكان است كه دوگانة انسان و روح، مظهر تجلّي آن به‌شمار مي‌آيد

1. Introduction The wonder books, which contain a collection of teachings of past ages regarding various fields such as the creation of creatures, the sky and constellations, geography, zoology, botany, mineralogy and anthropology, etc., are mainly among the foremost scientific sources. That is why it is important to be familiar with them in order to study the subjects of creation, ontology, history of science, and the schools that influence the formation of topics. In the history of Islamic philosophy, Corben mentions the authors of the Wonder Books as "encyclopedists" and considers some of them to be representatives of the "universal phenomenon" of philosophers. Of course, he believes that these writers, by delving into the details, reflect views "that philosophers could not address in their natural and divine treatises" (Corben, 2001: 392). 2. Methodology This research is descriptive and analytical and has been done by examining texts and sources such as Wonder Books, related encyclopedias, authoritative scientific books and articles. In the initial stage, considering the diversity of opinions in Al-Tusi Wonder Book, firstly, the classification of intellectual tendencies is dealt with and then, the influence of the opinions of scholars and philosophers, legislators, theologians, etc. on the description of creation in this work 3. Discussion In his book called Aja'ib al-Makhluqat wa Ghara'ib al- Mawjudat (The Wonders of Creatures and the Marvels of Creation), A1-Tusi has used the views of the ruling schools of his time such as legislators, theologians, sages, materialists, naturalists, astronomers and philosophers in designing some topics, especially the subject of creation. These different groups, mainly in the design of issues and discussions, have adopted methods based on their intellectual approach. 3.1. Legislators One of the lines of thought and belief influencing the description of creation in A1-Tusi's Aja’ib al-Makhluqat is the view of the legislators. Given the dominance of the Shari'a-based view in A1- Tusi's time, as well as the government's emphasis on its connection to a religious community to which it owes its legitimacy, A1-Tusi, as is evident from his work, has used religious documents to address his issue. 3.2. Theologians Another intellectual source of the A1-Tusi era was theologians. In his Aja'ib al-Makhluqat, Al-Tusi makes no direct reference to theological discussions; but by paying close attention to the structure of topics such as the creation of creatures, it can be inferred that the expression is based on the reasoning system of theologians. Theologians, in their method of reasoning, generally resort to presenting a diagrammatic scheme; He does the same in different positions. 3.3. Scholars and philosophers A1-Tusi has also benefited from the scholars men and philosophers in arranging his work according to the style and context of the Wonder Writers, using different views on the subject of the creation of phenomena. In Aja'ib al-Makhluqat, he adopts a dual approach to their views 3.4. Other thought groups: (materialists, naturalists, astronomers, etc.) A1-Tusi, being aware of the common beliefs of materialists such as the sages in the matter of creation, has a dual approach to their views, sometimes referring to their views only without comment and sometimes criticizing materialists’ reasoning by emphasizing the inability of their reasoning method. 3.5. The structure of creation in Aja'ib al-Makhluqat wa Ghara'ib al-Mawjudat of A1-Tusi based on the opinions of different schools In most of the works that have dealt with the subject of creation in the time of A1-Tusi, examples such as matter, duration and means have been considered by the authors. Accordingly, the leading research has presented the views of the schools of thought influencing the description of creation under such headings as: matter, duration, and means, which lead to the universe of possibility. 4. Conclusion In the course of this study, according to the text of the wonder book, the most important views of the intellectual and doctrinal schools of thought in the time of A1-Tusi on creation were extracted and then analyzed. Based on the studies conducted, due to the need for a brief knowledge of schools, the common discourses in the Seljuk era were first introduced under the title of intellectual and discourse schools ruling in the fifth and sixth centuries AH in Iran. Accordingly, theologians, sages, philosophers and other groups were introduced as the most important intellectual groups. In this study, it was concluded that in addition to the intellectual source of these currents, A1-Tusi also benefited from their methods of reasoning and their intellectual structure.