لطافت غزلوار در قصايد سعدي

Elegance in Saadi’s language of elegy

ﮔﻮﺷـﻪاي از ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ادﺑﯽ ﺳﻌﺪي، ﻗﺼﯿﺪهﺳﺮاﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﺳﺎلﻫﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ از دوراﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ او ﭘﺎي ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﺻﮥ ﺷﺎﻋﺮي ﻧﻬﺪ، زﺑﺎن ﻗﺼـﯿﺪه ﺑﻪ رﺷـﺪ و ﮐﻤﺎل ﺧﻮد رﺳﯿﺪه ﺑﻮد و ﺷﻌﺮا از زﺑﺎن ﻗﺼﯿﺪهﺳﺮاﯾﺎن ﺳﻠﻒ ﭘﯿﺮوي ﻣﯽﮐﺮدﻧﺪ. اﻣﺎ در ﻋﺼــﺮ ﺣﯿﺎت اﯾﻦ ﺷــﺎﻋﺮ ﺑﺰرگ، ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ-ﺳــﯿﺎﺳــﯽ، ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ درﺑﺎري ﻏﺎﻟﺐ، ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ و ﻗﺼﯿﺪهﺳﺮاﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ اﻓﻮل ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ذﻫﻦ ﺷﺎﻋﺮان ﺑﺎ ﻏﺰل اُﻧﺲ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﺑﺮآﻧﯿﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺣﯿﻄﮥ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ از ﻫﻨﺮﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﺳـﻌﺪي )ﻗﺼـﯿﺪهﺳﺮاﯾﯽ( ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ، ﻗﺼﺎﯾﺪ او را از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻄﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎي زﺑﺎﻧﯽ واﮐﺎوﯾﻢ و ﺑﺪون آﻧﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﯿﻄﻪ ﺳﺒﮏ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ وارد ﺷﻮﯾﻢ، آﻧﭽﻪ را ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎت ﻧﺮﻣﯽ اﻟﻔﺎظ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ آورده ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ، ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿﻢ. در ﻫﻤﯿﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ، ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ زﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ آواﯾﯽ، ﻟﻐﻮي و ﻧﺤﻮي، را ﺑﻪ ﺷــﯿﻮة ﺗﻮﺻــﯿﻔﯽ-ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﺮرﺳــﯽ ﮐﺮدهاﯾﻢ و ﺑﺎ آوردن ﺟﺪول آﻣﺎري در ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯾﯽ از ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﺳﻌﯽ در روﺷﻦﺗﺮ ﺷﺪن ﻣﻮﺿﻮع داﺷﺘﻪاﯾﻢ. ﺳﻌﺪي ﺑﺎ ﺗﺴﻠّﻄﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ دﻗﺎﯾﻖ زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ دارد، اوزان ﻧﺮم و ﺟﻮﯾﺒﺎري را ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺻﺎﻣﺖ و ﻣﺼـﻮّتﻫﺎ ﺑﯿﺸـﺘﺮ از ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاﺣﺘﯽ ﺗﻠﻔّﻆ ﻣﯽﺷـﻮﻧﺪ و ﭼﯿﺰي از ﻟﻄﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻌﺮ ﻧﻤﯽﮐﺎﻫﻨﺪ. ﺑﻪ اﯾﺠﺎز ﺳﺨﻦ ﻣﯽﮔﻮﯾﺪ در ﻋﯿﻦ ﺣﺎل ﮐﻠﺎﻣﺶ روﺷﻦ و ﺑﺪون اﺑﻬﺎم اﺳﺖ. او واژهﻫﺎي ﻧﺮم را در ﻗﺼﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﮑﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﺨﻔّﻒ و ﻣﺸﺪّد ﮐﻠﻤﺎت ﺗﻤﺎﯾﻞ ﻧﺪارد. ﻣﻀﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﯽ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ واژهﻫﺎ و اﺻﻄﻠﺎﺣﺎت آن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻔﺮد ﯾﺎ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺷــﺪه در اﯾﻦ اﺷــﻌﺎر دﯾﺪه ﻣﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ، ﮔﺎه زﺑﺎن و ﻟﻐﺎت ﻣﺤﺎورهاي را در ﭼﯿﻨﺶ اﺑﯿﺎت او ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﯿﻢ. ﺷﮕﺮدﻫﺎي ﻧﺤﻮي ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﯿﻮاﯾﯽ ﻏﺰﻟﯿﺎت ﺳﻌﺪي اﺳﺖ در ﻗﺼﺎﯾﺪ او ﻧﯿﺰ راه ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ.

One of the aspects of the literary style tried by Saadi, the great poet of the 7th century, is his odes. Many years before Saadi steps into the poetry arena, ode had reached perfection, and other poets had proceeded in that genre. Saadi's poetry is associated with the cadence of elegy, and his tendency is more toward lyrics. In this research, we are going to show Saadi's art in writing odes according to linguistic Persian concerns. He speaks with brevity, and his words are clear and without ambiguity. Elegant language is as a result of the Iraqi style, in which old inflections and syntax are less used than in the usual complicated ode language. Saadi strings soft words in his odes and has no tendency for abbreviations. Mystical themes with their special terms merge with his odes. Sometimes, there is a colloquial language in his literature. There are also syntactic techniques which cause eloquence as well as a specific meter that makes his poems soft and consistent. Consonants and vowels in his odes can be pronounced easily without diminishing the conceptual weight of the poems. In this research, Saadi's odes are examined at phonetic, lexical and syntactic levels based on a descriptive and analytic method and with the use of statistical tables.