مهاجرت نسخ خطي ايران به دربار عثماني در دورۀ صفوي و سرنوشت آنها

The Migration of Persian Manuscripts to the Ottoman Court in the Safavid Period and their destiny

سدۀ دهم هجري نقطۀ اوج خروج نسخ خطي از ايران به قلمرو عثماني بوده است. علت آن از طرفي علاقه‌مندي سلاطين عثماني به ادبيات فارسي و از سوي ديگر، معلول جنگ‌­ها و مراودات سياسي گستردۀ صفويان و عثمانيان بود. جنگ­‌ها به غارت كتابخانه‌­هاي آذربايجان، و سياست صلح‌طلبي صفويان به پيشكش كردن كتاب‌­ها به سلاطين عثماني انجاميد. اين مقاله با بهره­‌گيري از مطالعات نسخه­‌شناختي، روند راهيابي كتاب‌هاي ايراني به كاخ توپقاپي از اواخر سدۀ نهم تا افول صفويان در آغاز سدۀ دوازدهم مي‌پردازد. مهم‌­ترين مطلب در اين پژوهش، شيوه­‌هاي مختلف مهاجرت دست‌نويس‌­ها و رابطۀ ميان خروج آنها و ارتباطات سياسي صفويان و عثمانيان است. مي­‌توان گفت كه از زمان جنگ چالدران در 920ق تا معاهدۀ صلح 998ق كه مصادف با تفوّق نظامي دولت عثماني بود، بيشترين حجم نسخه‌­ها از ايران خارج شده است. از ابتداي سدۀ يازدهم، با پيروزي‌هاي صفويان، خروج كتاب از ايران به عثماني تقريباً متوقف گرديد، اگرچه جنگ‌­هاي محدود و فتح برخي شهرهاي مرزي توسط عثمانيان منجر به غارت كتابخانه‌­ها از جمله آستانۀ شيخ صفي‌­الدين مي‌­شد.

The sixteenth century was the peak of the migration of Persian manuscripts from Iran to the Ottoman territory. The reason was, on the one hand, the interest of the Ottoman sultans in Persian literature and, on the other hand, it was partly due to the wars and extensive political relations between the Safavids and the Ottomans then. The wars led to the looting of Azerbaijan’s libraries, and the Safavid policy of peace promoted the official presentation of books to Ottoman sultans. In addition, some manuscripts were transferred to the Ottoman land by merchants, immigrants, and refugees. By applying codicological studies of the manuscripts, this paper examines the migration of Persian books to the Topkapi Palace from the late fifteenth century to the decline of the Safavids at the beginning of the eighteenth century. The most important question in this research is to show the different ways of such migration and its connection with the political relations between the Safavids and the Ottomans. It can be said that from the Battle of Chāldirān in 1514 up until the conclusion of the 1590 peace treaty that coincided with the military supremacy of the Ottomans, the largest volume of manuscripts was transferred. From the beginning of the seventeenth century, with the victories of the Safavids, the entry of Iranian manuscripts into the Ottoman Empire almost ceased, although limited wars and the occupation of some border cities by Ottomans led to the looting of libraries, including the one at the shrine of Shaykh Safi al-Din in Ardabil