واكاوي نقش و اهميت رويكرد توانمندسازي در مواجهه با اسكان غيررسمي از نگاه صاحب‌نظران و حرفه‌مندان

Analyzing the Role of Empowerment Approach in Dealing with Informal Settlement from Experts’ Perspectives

ﭘﺪﯾﺪه اﺳﮑﺎن ﻏﯿﺮرﺳﻤﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ دﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اي، در ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺷﺸﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﮐﺸﻮر ﻣﻮرد اﺷﺎره ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ در ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ آن ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ روﯾﮑﺮد ﺗﻮاﻧﻤﻨﺪﺳﺎزي، ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﺗﺮﯾﻦ آن ﻫﺎﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ روﯾﮑﺮد از دﻫﻪ 70 در ﮐﺸﻮر ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻣﺎ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن از ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮﻓﯿﻖ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ آن دارد. ﻫﻤﯿﻦ اﻣﺮ، زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺳﺎز ﻃﺮح اﯾﻦ ﺳﺆال ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ آﯾﺎ اﯾﻦ روﯾﮑﺮد از ﮐﺎرآﯾﯽ ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﯽ ﺳﮑﻮﻧﺖ ﮔﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮرﺳﻤﯽ، ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ؟ ﭘﯿﮕﯿﺮي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺳﺆال ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺮات ﺧﺒﺮﮔﺎن، اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ از ﻧﻮع ﮐﯿﻔﯽ اﺳﺖ و از روﯾﮑﺮد روﺷﯽ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﺒﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. ﮔﺮدآوري اﻃﻼﻋﺎت، ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﺳﻨﺎدي و ﺗﮑﻨﯿﮏ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ روش ﮐﺪﮔﺬاري ﺳﻪ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ داده ﻫﺎ، اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي اوﻟﯿﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻧﻘﺶ روﯾﮑﺮد ﺗﻮاﻧﻤﻨﺪﺳﺎزي، ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﻋﻤﯿﻖ ﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ رﯾﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﯿﺪاﯾﺶ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﺪﻗﯿﻖ ﺳﺆاﻻت و ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻞ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ، ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت" ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﺮﺗﮑﺮارﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮان ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﻘﻮﻻت و ﺑﺴﻂ ﻗﻀﺎﯾﺎي ﻧﻈﺮي را داﺷﺖ، اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﻣﺪل ﻋﻠّﯽ، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ رﯾﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺳﮑﺎن ﻏﯿﺮرﺳﻤﯽ در ﺳﻄﻮح ﺧﺮد، ﻣﯿﺎﻧﯽ و ﮐﻼن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ رﺻﺪ اﺳﺖ، ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎ و راﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ در ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ دﯾﺪه ﺷﻮد. ﺗﻔﮑﯿﮏ راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎي ﮐﻼن – ﻣﺒﺪأ، ﻣﯿﺎﻧﯽ – ﻣﻘﺼﺪ و ﺧﺮد – ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺗﺄﯾﯿﺪ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ روﯾﮑﺮد ﺗﻮاﻧﻤﻨﺪﺳﺎزي در ﺻﻮرت اﺟﺮاي ﮐﺎﻣﻞ، در ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه اﺳﮑﺎن ﻏﯿﺮرﺳﻤﯽ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻮده ﮐﻪ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺮد ﻣﻘﺼﺪ، ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺟﺮاﺳﺖ.

The issue of informal settlement management has been mentioned in the country's development document as a development issue. Various approaches have been taken to manage this phenomenon in the world that the empowerment approach is one of the latest. This approach has been experienced in Iran since the late 1370s, but assessments show that the expected results were not achieved. This result raised the question for the present study whether the empowerment approach was effective in organizing informal settlements? In this study, an attempt was made to answer this question based on the opinions of experts. This research is a qualitative study and follows the method of GroundedTheory. Preliminary findings show that in order to identify the role of the empowerment approach, the roots of the problem must first be identified. As the questions and study process became more precise, the concept of migration was used as a central phenomenon and the basis for the development of the research model. Findings show that the roots of informal settlement can be traced to micro, intermediate and macro levels. Therefore, problem management strategies must be seen simultaneously at different levels. Separation of macro-origin, intermediate-destination and micro-destination strategies has been one of the research findings. The research confirmed that the empowerment approach is useful for dealing with the informal settlement phenomenon, which is applicable at the micro-destination level.