كليدواژه :
رﻣﺎن ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ , رﻣﺰﮔﺎن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري , ﻓﺎﺗﻦ اﻟﻤﺮّ , ﺑﺎرت , ادبيات عرب , رمان الخطايا الشائعة
چكيده فارسي :
ﻣﺘﻦ ادﺑﯽ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ رﻣﺎن ﺑﺮﺳﺎﺧﺘﯽ از ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺎن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﻻﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ دﻻﻟﺘﯽ ﺗﻨﯿﺪه ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎرت در ﺧﻮاﻧﺶ ﭘﺴﺎﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري از رﻣﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺳﯿﻢ رﻣﺰﮔﺎن ﻫﺎي ﭘﻨﺞﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﯽﭘـﺮدازد ﮐـﻪ از ﻣ ﯿـ ﺎن آﻧﻬـﺎ ﺳـﻪ رﻣﺰﮔﺎن ﻧﻤﺎدﯾﻦ، ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ دﻻﻟﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري اﺛﺮ را در ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻓﺮاﻣﺘﻨﯽ روﺷﻦ ﻣﯽﺳﺎزد؛ ﻟﺬا ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﯾﻦ رﻣﺰﮔﺎن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. اﯾـ ﻦ ﺟﺴـﺘﺎر ﺑـﺎ ﺑﻬـﺮه از اﯾـ ﻦ روش ﺑـﺎرت ﺑـﻪ ﺧﻮاﻧﺶ رﻣﺎن ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﭘﺮدازد ﺗﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺎزﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر داﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزﻧﻤﻮد ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﻓﮑﺮي آن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. رﻣﺎن » « اﺛﺮ »ﻓﺎﺗﻦ اﻟﻤﺮّ«، ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮح دﯾﺪﮔﺎهﻫﺎي اﻧﺴﺎنﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘ ﯽ و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ رﻣﺰﮔﺎن ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ، ﻧﻤﺎدﯾﻦ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اﺳﺖ و در ﺳـﻪ ﻻ ﯾـ ﻪ رﻣﺰﮔﺎن ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ، ﻧﻤﺎدﯾﻦ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ، دال ﻣﺮﮐﺰي رﻣﺰﮔﺎن اﯾﻦ رﻣﺎن رﺻﺪ ﻣـ ﯽﺷـﻮد. در رﻣﺰﮔـﺎن ﻣﻌﻨـ ﺎﯾﯽ، دﻻﻟﺖ ﺿﻤﻨﯽ در ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖﻫﺎي داﺳﺘﺎن و ﮐﻨﺶ آﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳـ ﯽ ﻣـ ﯽﺷـﻮد. در ﺳـﻄﺢ رﻣﺰﮔـﺎن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ، ﻓﻀﺎي ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ و اﯾﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ ﻧﻈﺎم ارزﺷﯽ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن داﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد و ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺘﺎَ در واﮐﺎوي رﻣﺰﮔﺎن ﻧﻤﺎدﯾﻦ، رﻣﺰﮔﺎنﻫﺎي ﺳﻤﺒﻮﻟﯿﮏ و ﻧﻤﺎدﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ در داﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. اﯾﻦ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮه از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﺑﺎرت ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ روﺷﻦ ﻣﯽﺳﺎزد در ﺑﺎزﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ رﻣﺰﮔﺎن ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ و ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ داﺳﺘﺎن در ﺗﺮﺳﯿﻢ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ در ﻟﺒﻨﺎن در ﺳﺎﯾﮥ وﺣﺸﺖ، ﻋﺪم اﻣﻨﯿﺖ و ﺟﻨﮓ و ﮐﺸﻤﮑﺶ ﺑـﺮ اي زﻧـﺪه ﻣﺎﻧﺪن و در وﺟﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻪ ﻣﺮﻓﻪ، ﭘﺮ از آراﻣﺶ و اﻣﻨﯿﺖ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ اروﭘﺎ، ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖﻫـ ﺎي اﯾـ ﻦ دو ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮه ﺧﺼﻠﺖﻧﻤﺎي ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد و ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ و ﺳﯿﺎه از ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖﻫﺎي اروﭘـﺎ ﭘﯽ و ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻧﯽ اراﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮد، ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺷـﺠﺎﻋﺖ و وﻃـﻦ دوﺳـﺘ ﯽ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان وﺟـﻪ ﻣﺸـﺘﺮك ﻣﺒﺎرزان ﺗﺮﺳﯿﻢ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. در رﻣﺰﮔﺎن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﯾﺎ ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ ﺷﻬﺎدت و ﺷﻬﺎدت ﻃﻠﺒﯽ از ارزشﻫﺎي ﻣﺤـﻮر ي در داﺳﺘﺎن، ﺗﻨﻬﺎ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮژي ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎن ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﺮآﻣﺪه از ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ وﻃﻦدوﺳﺘﯽ و روﺣﯿﻪ ﺷـﺮف و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻓﺮاﺗﺮ از دﯾﻦ و اﻋﺘﻘﺎد ﯾﮏ ﻣﻠﺖ اﺳﺖ. در ﺳﻄﺢ رﻣﺰﮔﺎن ﻧﻤـﺎد ﯾﻦ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪه ﻣـﯽ ﺷـﻮد داﺳـﺘﺎن ﺑـﺎ روﯾﮑﺮد واﻗﻊﮔﺮاﯾﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ دوري از رﻣﺰﮔﺎن ﻧﻤﺎدﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ زن ﻣﺒـﺎرز را ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان رﻣﺰﮔـﺎن وﻃﻦ ﺑﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ.
چكيده لاتين :
Literary text, includes various types of signs. These signs are interweaved in various implicational layers. Barthes in his post-structural reading tries to distinguish five types of codes, among which three types of codes namely connotative code, symbolic code, and cultural code enlightens the structural implication of the text along with the hypertext elements. In this respect, analyzing these codes will indicate the meaning of the text. This article uses the Barthes' method to read contemporary Lebanese novel and in addition to representing the narrative structure, pays attention to the representation of its intellectual structures. Therefore, during this study, the novel of " Al-khaṭāyā al-shā'i'ah (Common Mistakes)" by Fattan al-Mur, with an anthropological approach toward resistance, was analyzed at three levels of connotative, symbolic, and cultural codes. Connotative code studies an implicit meaning in the characteristics of the characters and their action in the story. At the level of cultural code, the cultural and ideological space of the value system of fictional discourse, and in the symbolic code, symbols emphasized in the story were analyzed. .. The analysis of these codes using Barthes' critical approach through the descriptive-analytic method indicated that the novel, in the case of connotative codes depicts the living conditions in Lebanon in the shadow of terror, insecurity, war, and conflict. In such type of condition, a paradoxical manner is also described, full of peace and security of European life and the image of the characters of these two environments with appropriate features. Therefore, the story does not represent a black and white image of European and Lebanese characters but introduces them through aspects such as courage and patriotism as a shared aspect of the fighters. In cultural or referential codes, "martyrdom" and "martyrdom-seeking" are central values in the story, not only independent of the ideology of Muslims but beyond the religion and belief of a nation are also rooted in the culture of patriotism, the spirit of honor, and resistance. At the level of symbolic codes, the story with a realistic approach provides just one example of the character of a female fighter as the symbolic code.
