واﮐﺎوي ﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﻫﺎي رﺋﺎﻟﯿﺴﻢ اﻧﺘﻘﺎدي در رﻣﺎن ﻋﺮاﻗﻲّ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎرﯾﺲ از ﺻﻤﻮﺋﻞ ﺷﻤﻌﻮن

A Study of Principles of Critical Realism in the Novel of An Iraqi in Paris by Samuel Shimon

رﺋﺎﻟﯿﺴﻢ اﻧﺘﻘﺎدي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﮑﺘﺒﯽ ادﺑﯽ، ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه وﯾﮋه اي در ﻧﻘﺪ ادﺑﯿﺎت داﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ دارد؛ ﻣﮑﺘﺒﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ روﯾﮑﺮدي ﻋﯿﻨﯽ ﺑﻪ واﻗﻌﯿﺎت، ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب زﻧﺪﮔﯽ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازد. ﺻﻤﻮﺋﯿﻞ ﺷﻤﻌﻮن در رﻣﺎن ﻋﺮاﻗﻲّ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎرﯾﺲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﮐﻪ در آن زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب ﻧﮕﺎه ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ در ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦ دﯾﮕﺮي ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازد. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺮورت ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺪﯾﺪۀ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت و ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮات ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﻧﻬﺎن و آﺷﮑﺎر آن ﺑﺮ ﺟﻮاﻣﻌﯽ ﮐﻪ از آن ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﺻﻮرت ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد، ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻮﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﮥ ﻋﺮاق، ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﯾﻦ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ اﻗﻠﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻗﻮﻣﯽ ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦ ﻋﺮاق از دﯾﺪ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﺑﭙﺮدازد. ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﺟﺴﺘﺎر، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎي آﺳﯿﺐ زاي ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ، اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه در ﻋﺮاق، ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي رﺋﺎﻟﯿﺴﻢ اﻧﺘﻘﺎدي اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﻮد. دﺳﺘﺎوردﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺳﺒﮑﯽ رﺋﺎﻟﯿﺴﺘﯽ و اﻧﺘﻘﺎدي ﺑﺎ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﯽ ﻃﻨﺰآﻣﯿﺰ، ﺣﻮادث و اوﺿﺎع ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ، ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﮥ ﺧﻮد را ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ. ﺷﻤﻌﻮن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ آﺷﻮري ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ و ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪۀ ﻃﺒﻘﮥ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﮐﻪ از آن ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، ﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎد از ﻋﺪم ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻋﺮاق در دوره ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻗﻠﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﯿﻢ در ﻋﺮاق ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازد. ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه ﺑﺎ اﺛﺮﭘﺬﯾﺮي از ﻣﺤﯿﻂ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻋﺮاق، ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ اﻗﻠﯿﺖ آﺷﻮري، ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎزﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ، ﻧﻘﺶ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر را در ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﻃﺎﯾﻔﻪ اي روﺷﻦ ﮐﻨﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و ﺗﺮﺳﯿﻢ ﭼﻬﺮۀ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ آواره، ﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎد از ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﭙﺮدازد ﮐﻪ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ آن، ﻓﺮد را ﭼﻪ در ﻓﻀﺎي ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت و ﭼﻪ در وﻃﻦ ﺧﻮد، از ﺣﻘﻮق ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ و اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ اش ﻣﺤﺮوم ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ.

Critical realism as a literary school has a special place in the critique of fiction, a school that reflects social life with an objective approach to facts. Samuel Shimon in his novel An Iraqi in Paris under the influence of the social structure in which he lived, reflects the immigrant gaze in another country which he lived. Considering the necessity of addressing the phenomenon of migration and its hidden and obvious negative effects on the communities from which migration takes place, The present study uses a descriptive - analytical method to examine the impact of colonialism and government policies on Iraqi society , especially the impact of these policies on the ethnic minorities of Iraq from the perspective of an immigrant. The purpose of this paper is to examine the harmful political, economic and social challenges of the author's era in Iraq , based on the components of critical realism , in order to explain the effective factors on migration. The achievements of the research show that the author has shown his events and political, historical and social conditions of his society with a realistic and critical style with a humorous expression. As an Assyrian immigrant, As an immigrant Assyrian, Shimon represents the social class from which he emerged, criticizing the failure to change the policies of the governments in different historical periods towards the minorities living in Iraq. Influenced by the social and political environment of Iraq, especially the conditions of the Assyrian minority, the author has been able to clearly explain the role of colonialism in sectarian wars by representing history and criticized the space in which societies and their governing policies deprive people of their legal and human rights whether in the immigration environment or in their own homeland by depicting the face of a homeless immigrant.