كليدواژه :
ﮐﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺧﻮري , أﯾّﺎم ﻣﻌﻪ , آﺑﺮاﻫﺎم ﻣﺰﻟﻮ , ﻧﯿﺎز و ﺧﻮدﺷﮑﻮﻓﺎﯾﯽ
چكيده فارسي :
ﻧﻘﺪ روانﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﯾﮑﯽ از روشﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﺪ ادﺑﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻮﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ آﻧﭽﻪ در وراي اﺛﺮ ادﺑﯽ اﺳﺖ، ﺑﭙﺮدازد ﺗﺎ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ ﻣﯿﺎن ﻫﻨﺮ و ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ را ﭘﯿﺪا ﮐﻨﺪ. آﺑﺮاﻫﺎم ﻣﺰﻟﻮ، روانﺷﻨﺎس آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎﯾﯽ، ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﻧﺴﺎن ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺘﺎً ﺑﻪ رﺷﺪ ﻧﯿﺎز دارد و ﺑﺮاي رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ رﺷﺪ و ﮐﻤﺎل، ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ ﮔﺬر از ﭘﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ از ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎﺳﺖ: ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎي ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ، ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎي اﻣﻨﯿﺘﯽ، ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎي اﺣﺘﺮاﻣﯽ و ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎي ﺧﻮدﺷﮑﻮﻓﺎﯾﯽ. در ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ، اﯾﻦ ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎ وﺳﯿﻠﻪاي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺮد را ﺑﺮاي رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪف ﯾﺎري ﻣﯽرﺳﺎﻧﺪ و اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ و در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدﺷﮑﻮﻓﺎﯾﯽ رﺳﯿﺪ. در ﻫﻤﯿﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺨﺼﯿّﺖ اﺻﻠﯽ رﻣﺎن أﯾّﺎم ﻣﻌﻪ )روزﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ او ﮔﺬﺷﺖ( اﺛﺮ ﮐﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺧﻮري، ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪۀ زن ﺳﻮري، ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ﻣﺰﻟﻮ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. رﻣﺎن ﻣﺬﮐﻮر ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ زﯾﺎدي ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﯿّﺖ ﺧﻮري و ﺟﺎﻣﻌﮥ اوﺳﺖ؛ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪاي ﮐﻪ ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖﻫﺎي آن، از ﺑﺰرگ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ رﺷﺪ و ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯽ زﻧﺎن اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﯾﻦ، ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از آﻧﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻮدﺷﮑﻮﻓﺎﯾﯽ و ﺧﻼﻗﯿّﺖ، در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ، ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ و ﺗﻼش ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺮاي ﻧﯿﻞ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﺎل، ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﻧﺸﺎن از آن دارد ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ رﻣﺎن، ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه از ﺳﻮي ﻣﺰﻟﻮ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻮدﺷﮑﻮﻓﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﻢﺧﻮاﻧﯽ دارد. ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از زﻧﺎن و دﺧﺘﺮان ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﻮاﻧﻌﯽ ﭼﻮن ﺳﻨﺖﻫﺎ و آداب و رﺳﻮم ﻧﺎدرﺳﺖ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ، زﻣﯿﻨﻪاي ﺑﺮاي رﺷﺪ و ﺷﮑﻮﻓﺎﯾﯽ و ﭘﺮورش اﺳﺘﻌﺪادﻫﺎي ﺧﻮد ﻧﻤﯽﯾﺎﺑﻨﺪ. ﺑﺎرزﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﯿﺎز ﺷﺨﺼﯿّﺖ اﺻﻠﯽ رﻣﺎن، وﺟﻮد ﯾﮏ ﺣﺎﻣﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ رﺷﺪ او را ﺑﺮدارد و آرزوﻫﺎﯾﺶ را ﻣﺤّﻘﻖ ﮐﻨﺪ. او ﻋﻠﯽرﻏﻢ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮدﺷﮑﻮﻓﺎﯾﯽ را ﻧﺪارد، اﻣّ ﺎ وﺟﻮد ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓﭘﺬﯾﺮي، ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪﻣﺪاري و ﭘﺬﯾﺮش ﺧﻮد و دﯾﮕﺮان، ﺧﻼﻗﯿﺖ و ﺳﺎدﮔﯽ و ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﻮدن در او ﻧﺸﺎن از ﺧﻮدﺷﮑﻮﻓﺎﯾﯽ دارد. وي ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﭼﻬﺎرم و ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﻫﺮم ﻣﺰﻟﻮ ﺗﻼش ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ و در اﯾﻦ راه، ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ، ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮورش اﺳﺘﻌﺪادﻫﺎي ﺧﻮد، از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﺮودن ﺷﻌﺮ و ﻧﻮاﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﻮﺳﯿﻘﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدﺷﮑﻮﻓﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﯽرﺳﺪ.
چكيده لاتين :
The psychological criticism is one of the novel techniques in literary criticism which tries to examine what is beyond the literary work in order to find the interconnection between art and the artist. The American psychologist, Abraham Maslow, believes that human beings need to grow, and to achieve this growth and development, they need to fulfill five steps of requirements including physiological, security, social, esteem and self-actualization needs. In fact, these needs help the individual accomplish the ultimate goal and first, lower level needs must be satisfied so that the person can reach higher levels and finally self-actualization. In this regard, the present research, through the descriptive-analytical approach, examines the protagonist of the novel Ayyām maʻah by Colette Khoury, the Syrian author based on Maslow’s theory. The novel is mostly indicative of Koury’s character and her society whose restrictions are the biggest obstacles to the growth and excellence of the women. Despite the obstacles, most of the women are trying harder to resist them in order to reach perfection for creativity and self-actualization. The results of this study indicate that the aforesaid novel matches the indices mentioned by Maslow for self-actualization. Most women and girls do not have the chance to develop and nurture their talents and capacity because of obstacles like irrational customs and traditions. The most obvious need of the protagonist is the presence of a supporter who can remove the obstacles to her growth and grant her wishes. Although she does not have all self-actualization components, having characteristics such as resistance to acculturation, problem-centeredness, acceptance of herself and others, creativity, simplicity, and being natural is a sign of self-actualization. She tries to reach the requirements in steps 4 and 5 of Maslow’s pyramid, and on this way, along with the resistance to the dominant culture, she reaches self-actualization by developing her talents like composing poems and playing music.
