پديد آورندگان :
صياداني، علي دانشگاه شهيد مدني آذربايجان - گروه زبان و ادبيات عربي , حيدرپور مرند، يزدان دانشگاه شهيد مدني آذربايجان , حيدرپور مرند، سكينه دانشگاه تبريز
كليدواژه :
رﻣﺎن ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ , ﻧﻘﺪ داﺳﺘﺎن , ﻧﻘﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ , ﻧﺠﯿﺐ ﻣﺤﻔﻮظ , رﻣﺎن اﻟﻠّﺺ و اﻟﮑﻼب
چكيده فارسي :
در ﻧﮕﺎه ﺑﻮردﯾﻮ ﺟﻬﺎن اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﮥ ﺗﻤﺎﯾﺰ اﺳﺘﻮار اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﯾﺰ در ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري ﭼﻮن ﻓﻀﺎ، ﻣﯿﺪان، ﻃﺒﻘﻪ و ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﮐﻨﺸﯽ، ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﻋﺎدت واره، ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮدﻫﺎي درون ﻣﯿﺪان و ذاﺋﻘﻪ و ﺳﻠﯿﻘﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺎن اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﺘﻦ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﭼﻮن ﻫﻨﺮ، رﻣﺎن، ادﺑﯿﺎت و ﺣﻮزه ﻫﺎي دﯾﮕﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﺳﺮرﯾﺰﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ اﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ آ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان را ﺑﻪ درك و ﻓﻬﻢ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ رﻫﻨﻤﻮن ﺳﺎزد. ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻫﺎي ادﺑﯽ ﺑﺎ روﯾﮑﺮد ﺑﻮردﯾﻮﯾﯽ، ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺷﯿﻮه ﻫﺎي ﺗﻤﺎﯾﺰ در ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ اي را ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﺪ. رﻣﺎن اﻟﻠﱠﺺ َو اﻟﮑِ ﻼب از داﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﺎدﮔﺮاﯾﺎﻧﮥ ﻧﺠﯿﺐ ﻣﺤﻔﻮظ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ در ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب ﻣﺼﺎدﯾﻖ ﻣﺰﺑﻮر را دارد؛ ﭼﺮاﮐﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه ﺑﺎ درﻧﻈﺮداﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻤﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن دﯾﻦ، ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ، ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ و ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اوﺿﺎع ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ در ﺟﺎﻣﻌﮥ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازد و ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻋﺪاﻟﺘﯽﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ آن ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺧُ ﺮده ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد. رواﯾﺖ داﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺷﮑﻞ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ ﻫﺎ و ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺧﺎص اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اي ﮔﺴﺘﺮده و ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪه از اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻓﺮدي و ﺟﻤﻌﯽ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ روش ﻧﻘﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ﭘﯿﺮ ﺑﻮردﯾﻮ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ رﻣﺎن اﻟﻠﱠﺺ َو اﻟﮑِ ﻼب را از ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ و ﺑﺎ روﯾﮑﺮد ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ و درﺻﺪد ﻧﺸﺎن دادن و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺟﻠﻮه ﻫﺎﯾﯽ از ﺗﻤﺎﯾﺰ در اﯾﻦ رﻣﺎن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﺑﻮردﯾﻮﯾﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻣﻨﺶﻫﺎ و ﻋﺎدت وارهﻫﺎ، زﻣﯿﻨﻪﻫﺎ و ﻣﯿﺪانﻫﺎ، ﻋﺮﺻﻪﻫﺎ و ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎ، ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، ﻃﺒﻘﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﻧﯿﺰ ذاﺋﻘﻪﻫﺎ و ﺳﻠﯿﻘﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻮد ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﮑﺎﯾﺖ از اﯾﻦ واﻗﻌﯿﺖ دارد ﮐﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه در رﻣﺎن ﻣﺰﺑﻮر، ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﺎﻣﻼن ﮐﻨﺶ در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﺗﺸﺨﺺ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﻧﯽ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ را ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻋﺎدت وارهﻫﺎ، ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ ﻫﺎ در ﻣﯿﺪان ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﮐﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ ﻫﺎ در ﻣﯿﺪان ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎدتوارهﻫﺎﯾﺸﺎن ﮐﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎ، ذاﺋﻘﻪﻫﺎ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه و ﻃﺒﻘﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ آﻧﻬﺎ در ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ اﺳﺖ، ﺟﻠﻮهﻫﺎﯾﯽ از ﺗﻤﺎﯾﺰ را ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﮔﺬارﻧﺪ.
چكيده لاتين :
In Bourdieu’s view, social world is based on difference, and difference is manifested in structural concepts such as social space, field, class, capital and also in practice concepts like habitus, actions within field, taste and preference. Usually such fields as art, literature, and culture are rich representations of society, the analysis of which will result in understanding society. Therefore, understanding literary texts, for example, through Bourdieu’s approach will show ways of difference in societies. al-Las va al-Kilab is one of Najib Mahfuz’s symbolic novels that is suitable to be investigated using the above-mentioned concepts as the novelist, considering concepts such as religion, culture, society and class, deals with social and political status of society of Egypt and criticizes the dominant injustice. The novel narrates limitations and specific conditions that are dependent on a vast and complicated set of personal and social necessities. Within sociological criticism and using Bourdieu’s theory, that this research examines the novel al-Las va al-Kilab from a sociological perspective and with an analytical approach.the study tried to investigate and show manifestations of difference in al-Nas va al-Kilab represented in concepts of habitus, field, capital, social space and social classes, taste and preference. The results of the study showed that the novelist highlights a kind of cultural and class difference based on habitus and capitals of characters in different fields by examining the role of characters in social structures, so that characters in different fields and based of their habitus and according to their capitals, taste and their position and social classes in social spaces, show different manifestations of difference.
