امكان‌سنجي اعمال مكانيسم ماشه برجام توسط آمريكا ازمنظر حقوق بين‌الملل

Legal Analysis of the Initiation of the Snapback in JCPOA by the America Based on the International Law Perspective”

در ﭘﯽ ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺻﻮرتﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ در ﺳﺎل 2015 ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮن ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻪاي اﯾﺮان و ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺑﺮﺟﺎم، ﻣﻘـﺮر ﮔﺮد ﯾـ ﺪ اﻋﻤـﺎل ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﻢﻫﺎي ﺷﻮراي اﻣﻨﯿﺖ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ اﯾﺮان ﺑﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺐ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﺎﻣﻪاي ازﺳﻮي اﯾﻦ ﻧﻬﺎد ﻣﻠﻐﯽ ﺷﻮد؛ وﻟـ ﯽ در آﮔﻮﺳـﺖ 2020، ﮐﺸﻮر آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﮐﻪ ﭘﯿﺶﺗﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺮوج رﺳﻤﯽ از ﺑﺮﺟﺎم، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻀﻮﯾﺖ ﺧﻮد در اﯾﻦ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺧﺎﺗﻤـﻪ ﺑﺨﺸـ ﯿﺪه ﺑـﻮد، ﻣﺪﻋﯽ ﻧﻘﺾ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺗﻌﻬﺪات ﺑﺮﺟﺎﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﯾﺮان ﺷﺪ و ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ادﻋـﺎ، ﺧﻮاﺳـﺘﺎر ﻓﻌـﺎل ﮐـﺮدن ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴـﻢ ﻣﺎﺷـﻪ و ﺑﺎزﮔﺮداﻧﺪن ﻣﺠﺪد ﺗﺤﺮﯾﻢﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. اﯾﻦ اﻗﺪام آﻣﺮﯾﮑـﺎ، ﻣﺒـﺎﺣﺜ ﯽ را درﺧﺼـﻮص ﻣ ﯿـ ﺰان ﻣﺸـﺮوﻋ ﯿﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ آن ﺑﺮاﻧﮕﯿﺨﺖ. ﺑﺮاﯾﻦ اﺳﺎس، ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ در راﺳﺘﺎي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﮔﻮﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺳـﺆال ﺑـﻪ ﻧﮕـﺎرش درآﻣـﺪ ﮐـﻪ اﻗﺪام آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ در ﻓﻌﺎلﺳﺎزي ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ ﻣﺎﺷﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ اﻧﺪازه از ﻧﻘﻄﻪﻧﻈﺮ اﺻﻮل و ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠـﻞ ﻣﺸـﺮوﻋ ﯿﺖ دارد؟ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ـ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪﮔﺎن، ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاي و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﺳﻨﺎد ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ، ﻣﺆﯾـ ﺪ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺟﺎم، ﯾﮏ ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ و ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ از ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ 2231 ﺑﻮده و آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﺧـﺮوج از ا ﯾـ ﻦ ﺳـﻨﺪ، دﯾﮕﺮ »ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖﮐﻨﻨﺪه در ﺑﺮﺟﺎم« ﻧﺒﻮده و درﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ، ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺻﻼﺣﯿﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻌﺎل ﮐﺮدن ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ ﻣﺎﺷﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻢﭼﻨﯿﻦ اداﻣﻪ ﯾﮏﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪﮔﺮاﯾﯽ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺸﻮر، ﺟﺰ ﺗﻀﻌﯿﻒ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻣﻠﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ و اﯾﺠﺎد ﻓﻀﺎي ﻫـﺮج وﻣـﺮج در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ، دورﻧﻤﺎي دﯾﮕﺮي را ﭘﯿﺶ روي ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﻗﺮار ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ داد.

Following an agreement reached in 2015 on Iran's nuclear program and the regulation of the joint comprehensive plan of action(JCPOA), it was decided that all Security Council sanctions against Iran would be lifted with the adoption of a resolution by this body. However, in August 2020, the United States of America which had previously terminated its membership in the JCPOA by formally withdrawing from it, claimed that Iran had violated its JCPOA commitments and called for the activation of the Snapback and reimposition of International sanctions. This US action, sparked debates about its legal legitimacy. Accordingly, the present study was conducted in order to answer the question of how legitimate is the US action in activating the snapback from the perspective of the principles and rules of international law? The results of the authors descriptive-analytical study, based on library sources and the analysis of relevant documents confirm that JCPOA is a political agreement independent of Resolution 2231 and the United States is no longer a participating State of JCPOA after being withdrawn from this document and as a result, it lacks the legal authority to activate the snapback mechanism. In addition, the continuation of unbridled unilateralism in this country offers no other perspective to the international community, other than weakening of the United Nations and the creation of international anarchy.