انديشه ها و واكنش هاي احمد مخدوم دانش در تقابل با سنت هاي سياسي، مذهبي و علمي بخارا

Thoughts and reactions of Ahmad Makhdoum Danesh In contrast to the political, religious and scientific traditions of Bukhara

ﻣﺘﺠﺪدان و روﺷﻨﮕﺮان اﻣﺎرت ﺑﺨﺎرا در واﮐﻨﺶ ﺑﻪ واﭘﺲﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ، اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ اﯾﻦ اﻣﺎرت و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪدﻧﺒﺎل ﺗﺴﻠﻂ روﺳﯿﮥ ﺗﺰاري ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ آﺳﯿﺎي ﻣﺮﮐﺰي ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ آﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺗﺠﺪد و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ روﺳﯽ و اروﭘﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪ، ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﺎر اﺻﻼﺣﺎﺗﯽ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ادﺑﯿﺎت و ﻧﻈﺎم آﻣﻮزش و ﭘﺮورش ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﺗﻔﮑﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞﮔﯿﺮي ﺣﺮﮐﺘﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮان »ﻧﻬﻀﺖ ﻣﻌﺎرفﭘﺮوري« ﺑﻪ رﻫﺒﺮي اﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺨﺪوم داﻧﺶ )1243 – 1314 ﻫـ.ق./ 1828 – 1897 م.( اﻧﺠﺎﻣﯿﺪ. اﺣﻤﺪ داﻧﺶ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻘﺐﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﮥ ﺧﻮﯾﺶ را دو ﻧﯿﺮوي ﺣﺎﮐﻢ در ﺑﺨﺎرا؛ ارﺑﺎﺑﺎن ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ و ﻣﺬﻫﺐ داﻧﺴﺖ و ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﺎر اﺻﻼﺣﺎت ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ، آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ، ادﺑﯽ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ در ﺟﺎﻣﻌﮥ ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ﺑﺨﺎرا ﺷﺪ. ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي اﺣﻤﺪ داﻧﺶ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺳﺆال ﭘﺎﺳﺦ دﻫﺪ، داﻧﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف اﺻﻼﺣﺎت ﺑﺨﺎرا ﭼﻪ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎﺗﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم داد و اﯾﻦ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﭼﻪ دﺳﺘﺎوردﻫﺎ و واﮐﻨﺶﻫﺎﯾﯽ را در ﭘﯽ داﺷﺖ؟ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ او ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﻘﺎد از اﺳﺘﺒﺪاد ﺣﺎﮐﻤﺎن و ﺟﻬﻞ و ﻋﻘﺐﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﯽ روﺣﺎﻧﯿﻮن ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪﮐﺎر و ﺳﻌﯽ درﻫﻤﻪﻓﻬﻢ ﺷﺪن و ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮي ﻣﺮدﻣﯽﺷﺪن آﺛﺎر ادﺑﯽ و ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎري و ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺖ-ﻫﺎي اﺻﯿﻞ ﻣﻠﯽ و ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ در اﻣﻮر ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ، درﺻﺪد اﺻﻼح ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﺮآﻣﺪ و ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﺎر ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻧﮕﺎه ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ، ﻣﺮدم و دﯾﻦ در ﺟﺎﻣﻌﮥ ﺑﺨﺎرا ﺷﺪ؛ در واﮐﻨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي اﺣﻤﺪ داﻧﺶ، ﻋﻠﻤﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻄﻪﮐﺎر ﺑﺨﺎرا او را ﺑﻪ ﮐﻔﺮ و ﺑﺪﻋﺖﮔﺬاري ﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﮐﺮدﻧﺪ

The modernists and intellectuals of the Bukhara Seigniory, in response to the political, social, economic and cultural backwardness of the Seigniory and the subsequent domination of Tsarist Russia over the Central Asian region, which led to familiarity with Russian and European modernity and culture, called for reforms in various fields, Including literature and the education system. This thought led to the formation of a movement called the "Maarifparvari Movement" led by Ahmad Makh`doum Danesh (1243-1314 AH / 1828-1897 AD). Ahmad Danesh attributes the backwardness of his society to the two ruling forces in Bukhara; the masters considered politics and religion and called for political, educational, literary and cultural reforms in the traditional Bukhara society. In this study, the author intends to answer the question by looking at the activities of Ahmad Danesh, what actions did Danesh take with the aim of reforming Bukhara, and what achievements and reactions did these actions lead to? The results of the research indicate that he criticized the tyranny of the rulers and the ignorance and backwardness of the conservative clerics and tried to understand and popularize literary and written works and return to the original national and historical traditions in cultural affairs. He sought to reform society and called for a change in the view of the role of government, people and religion in Bukhara society; In response to Ahmad Danesh's activities, Bukhara's conservative scholars accused him of blasphemy and heresy.