كليدواژه :
آﻟﻦ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﯿﺲ ﭼﺎﻟﻤﺮز , ﭼﯿﺴﺘﯽ ﻋﻠﻢ , ﻋﻠﻢ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ آن , ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ , ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﭘﺎرﺳﺎﻧﯿﺎ
چكيده فارسي :
ﭼﮑﯿﺪه
ﻋﻠﻢ و ﭼﯿﺴﺘﯽ آن از ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﭼﺎﻟﺶﺑﺮاﻧﮕﯿﺰ در ﻣﯿﺎن ﻣﺘﻔﮑﺮان ﻋﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ اﺳﺖ. آﻟﻦ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﯿﺲ ﭼﺎﻟﻤﺮز در ﮐﺘﺎب ﭼﯿﺴﺘﯽ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺧﻮد درﺑﺎرۀ ﭼﯿﺴﺘﻲ روشﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﺳﺘﻘﺮا ﮔﺮاﯾﻲ، اﺑﻄﺎل ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ، ﻣﻌﻘﻮل ﮔﺮاﯾﻲ، ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ، ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﻈﻢ ﮔﺮﯾﺰ و آﻓﺎق ﮔﺮاﯾﻲ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ. در ﮐﺘﺎب دﯾﮕﺮش ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﻠﻢ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ آن ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺑﯿﺎن ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﭘﻮزﯾﺘﯿﻮﯾﺴﺘﯽ و راﻫﺒﺮد ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ-ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﺳﻌﯽ در دﻓﺎع از ﻋﯿﻨﯿﺖ داﻧﺶ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ دارد؛ اﻣﺎ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﻤﺮز در ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﭼﯿﺴﺘﯽ ﻋﻠﻢ در اﺛﺮ اول ﺧﻮد داراي اﯾﺮاداﺗﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﻌﯽ ﻧﻤﻮده ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪاي آنﻫﺎ را در ﮐﺘﺎب دوم ﺧﻮد ﺑﺮﻃﺮف ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ؛ اﻣﺎ ازآﻧﺠﺎﮐﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻓﮑﺮي او ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺘﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﮐﻨﺖ و ﺑﻪﺗﺒﻊ آن ﮐﺎﻧﺖ و ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﭘﻮزﯾﺘﯿﻮﯾﺴﺘﯽ اﺳﺖ، ﻧﺘﻮاﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ذات داﺷﺘﻦ و ﺑﺮﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺑﻮدن ﻋﻠﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ ﮐﻨﺪ و در ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﭼﯿﺴﺘﯽ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﻘﯽ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖآورد. ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه ﺑﻪدﻧﺒﺎل دﺳﺖﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه آﻟﻦ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﯿﺲ ﭼﺎﻟﻤﺮز ﭼﯿﺴﺖ و ﺧﻮاﻧﺶ او از ﻋﻠﻢ ﭼﻪ ﺗﻄﻮراﺗﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ؟ در ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﺣﺎﺿﺮ اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﻪ روش ﻧﻘﺪ دروﻧﯽ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﻤﺮز در دو اﺛﺮ ﯾﺎدﺷﺪه ﺑﺮرﺳﯽﺷﺪه و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آراي ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﭘﺎرﺳﺎﻧﯿﺎ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﺳﺘﺎد ﭘﺎرﺳﺎﻧﯿﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮونرﻓﺖ از ﺑﺤﺮان ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﻋﻠﻢ، آنرا داراي ﻫﻮﯾﺖ ذاﺗﯽ و ﻧﻔﺲاﻻﻣﺮي ﻣﯽداﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﺟﻬﺎن دوم و ﺳﻮم ﺑﺎ اﻧﮕﯿﺰهﻫﺎ و زﻣﯿﻨﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ وارد ﻣﯽﺷﻮد و ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ در داﻧﺶ آزﻣﻮنﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. در ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﯿﻪاﻟﺤﺪوث و روﺣﺎﻧﯿﻪ اﻟﺒﻘﺎ ﺑﻮدن ﻋﻠﻢ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ اﺷﮑﺎﻻت ﭼﺎﻟﻤﺮز در ﭼﯿﺴﺘﯽ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.
چكيده لاتين :
Science and what science is one of the most challenging topics among modern scholars. In his book "What is Science", Alan Francis Chalmers discusses the nature and nature of scientific methods based on inductivism, falsificationism, rationalism, relativism, regression theories, and horizonism. In his other book, "Science and its Fabrication", he tries to defend the objectivity of scientific knowledge by expressing positivist theory and historical − sociological strategy; But the findings suggest that Chalmers has drawbacks in explaining what science is in his first work. Although he has tried to eliminate them in his second book; But since his intellectual foundations are derived from Kant's theory and consequently Kant and positivist foundations, he could not combine the nature and construction of science and succeeded in explaining what science is.
The author seeks to answer the question, what is science from the point of view of Alain Francis Chalmers, and what is the evolution of his reading of science? In the present article, first, the principles of Chalmers's thought in the two mentioned works have been studied by internal critique method and then external critique has been made by using Hamid Parsania's views. Professor Parsania, in order to get out of the crisis of the nature of science, considers it to have an intrinsic identity and soul that enters the second and third worlds with motives and contexts and is not limited to testable knowledge. In the present article, using the explanation of physicality, occurrence and spirituality, the survival of science and knowledge, the answer to Chalmers's problems in what science is has been explained.
